Engineered mutations

Engineered mutations in the substrate specificity pocket change the rate of catalysis... 

The blastocyst is an early embryonic stage in mammalian development. Murine blastocysts can be harvested at day 3.5 p.c. Their inner cell mass contains embryonic stem cells. Multiple murine embryonic stem cell lines have been established. Embryonic stem cells carrying genetically engineered mutations are injected into blastocysts, which are subsequently implanted into pseudopregnant foster mothers. 

Some spontaneous and some engineered mutations of mice result in epilepsy 635... 

Angelova, K., Fanelli, F., and Puett, D. (2002) A model for constitutive lutropin receptor activation based on molecular simulation and engineered mutations in transmembrane helices 6 and 7. J. Biol. Chem. 211, 32202-32213. 

Engineered mutations in the second Cys-rich motif did not yield a consti-tutively active Mad. These results are consistent with the Cl motif being the major Cu-regulatory switch. Both Cys-rich motifs exhibited transactivation activity, although the Cl activator was weak relative to the C2 activator (Keller et al., 2000). Limited copper metalloregulation of Mad was observed with only the Cl activator fused to the N-terminal DNA-binding domain. Thus, the two Cys-rich motifs appear to function independently. The Cl Cys-rich motif appears to be a functional copper-regulatory domain, whereas the C2 motif is the major transactivator. 

Use of genetically engineered mutated micro-organisms capable of efficiently fermenting these difficult sugars (36,37). 

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