Catalysis biomolecular

Nowadays, nanomaterials have become the most interested topic of materials research and development due to their unique structural properties (unique chemical, biological, and physical properties as compared to larger particles of the same material) that cover their efficient uses in various fields, such as ion exchange and separation, catalysis, biomolecular isolation and purification as well as in chemical sensing [10], However, the understanding of the potential risks (health and environmental effects) posed by nanomaterials hasn t increased as rapidly as research has regarding possible applications. 

Lilley DM (2008) Ribozymes and RNA Catalysis, chap. The Hairpin and Varkud Satellite Ribozymes, 66-91, RSC Biomolecular Series, RSC Publishing, Cambridge. 

Wang, W. et al., Biomolecular simulations recent developments in force fields, simulations of enzyme catalysis, protein-ligand, protein-protein, and protein-nucleic acid noncovalent interactions, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 2001, 30, 211-243... 

A concept of amphiphilicity, as applied to single monomer units of designed water-soluble polymers, is presented in the third chapter by Okhapkin, Makhaeva, and Khokhlov. The concept is relevant to biomolecular structures and assemblies in aqueous solution. The authors consider the substantial body of information obtained experimentally and theoretically on surface molecular chemical structures, including those that are prospective for surface catalysis. Unusual conformational behaviors of single amphiphilic polymers recently observed in simulations are also discussed in detail. 

Chapters 4 and 5 are devoted to molecular and biomolecular catalysis of electrochemical reactions. As discussed earlier, molecular electrochemistry deals with transforming molecules by electrochemical means. With molecular catalysis of electrochemical reactions, we address the converse aspect of molecular electrochemistry how to use molecules to produce better electrochemistry. It is first important to distinguish redox catalysis from chemical catalysis. In the first case, the catalytic effect stems from the three-dimensional dispersion of the mediator (catalyst), which merely shuttles the electrons between the electrode and the reactant. In chemical catalysis, there is a more intimate interaction between the active form of the catalyst and the reactant. The differences between the two types of catalysis are illustrated by examples of homogeneous systems in which not only the rapidity of the catalytic process, but also the selectivity problems, are discussed. 

The optimization of biocatalysts for the production of bio-based performance materials and nanocomposites is another necessary development to produce new composites. It also includes the combination of nano-biotechnological methodologies with catalysis for the construction of sensor surfaces and microelectronic technologies for the read out of biomolecular interactions. Examples are new... 

Bioreactions. The use of supercritical fluids, and in particular C02, as a reaction media for enzymatic catalysis is growing. High diffusivities, low surface tensions, solubility control, low toxicity, and minimal problems with solvent residues all make SCFs attractive. In addition, other advantages for using enzymes in SCFs instead of water include reactions where water is a product, which can be driven to completion increased solubilities of hydrophobic materials increased biomolecular thermostability and the potential to integrate both the reaction and separation bioprocesses into one step (98). There have been a number of biocatalysis reactions in SCFs reported (99—101). The use of lipases shows perhaps the most commercial promise, but there are a number of issues remaining unresolved, such as solvent—enzyme interactions and the influence of the reaction environment. A potential area for increased research is the synthesis of monodisperse biopolymers in supercritical fluids (102). 

Ranaghan KE, L Ridder, B Szefczyk, WA Sokalski, JC Hermann, AJ Mulholland (2004) Transition state stabilization and substrate strain in enzyme catalysis ab initio QM/MM modelling of the chorismate mutase reaction. Organic Biomolecular Chemistry 2 (7) 968-980... 

Benkovic, S.J. Napper, A.D. and Lerner, R.A. Catalysis of stereospecific biomolecular amide synthesis by an antibody. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85 5355-5358, 1988. 

---