Transport casualties

All eye injuries from chemicals require medical advice. Apply an eye pad and arrange transport to hospital Information to accompany the casualty ... 

If the chemical has been confined to the mouth, give large quantities of water as a mouthwash ensure that the mouthwash is not swallowed If the chemical has been swallowed, small amounts of water may be administered, more if the chemical is corrosive administer a specific antidote if one exists Do not induce vomiting Arrange transport to hospital Information to accompany the casualty ... 

There are no recommendations for triaging casualties exposed to bicyclophosphates. However, in general, anyone who has been exposed should be transported to a medical facility for evaluation. Individuals who are asymptomatic and have not been directly exposed to the agent can be discharged after their names, addresses, and telephone numbers have been recorded. They should be told to seek medical care immediately if symptoms develop. 

A casualty with known or potential exposure to carbon monoxide blood agents but who shows no signs of neurological or cardiac abnormalities, and does not complain of discomfort (e.g., headache, difficulty breathing, etc.). If available, breath measurement indicates that the blood carbon monoxide level is less than 10%. Anyone with potential exposure to metal carbonyls should be transported to a medical facility for evaluation because of the risk of latent chemical pneumonitis from inhalation of these agents. 

There are no published recommendations for isolation or protective action distances for these materials deliberately released in mass casualty situations. However, traditional isolation and protective action distances for most of these materials can be found in the Department of Transportation 2004 Emergency Response Guide (ERG). These recommendations are based on an accidental release during transportation of the material and involving a small spill (i.e., a commercial gas cylinder or 200 liters or less of liquid material), or a large spill (i.e., more than one gas cylinder, a large gas container such as a railcar, or more than 200 liters of liquid material). 

A useful source of data on the safety record of the transportation of expls is the Office of Hazardous Materials News, Office of the Secretary, Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. A European collection of data on industry connected accidents is said to have been collected by Dr Karl Trautzl (Ref 44). The Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board has issued two series of publications (Ref 26). The first are the proceedings of the Annual Explosives Safety Seminars. The second publication series are the abstracts of expl accidents. These reports are submitted voluntarily by both government and industry and are complete with descriptions of causes, damage and casualties. Incidents related to the Fireworks industry are reported annually in the Fire Journal (Ref 64)... 

According to Nordling s study, 317 (44%) of these 722 Jews had emigrated by late 1941, 256 (35%) were spared internment of any kind. Altogether, 95 of these Jewish personalities died during this time (13%), of which 57 cases (8%) occurred in the eastern camps as well as in unknown places and under unknown circumstances. Aside from the casualties resulting from disease, transport and starvation, therefore, these 8% must also include the victims of any deliberate mass extermination. 

The total expected number of casualties will be an estimate. Many fac tors may affect the accuracy of this prediction, such as transportation difficulties and delays, security issues that may hinder access to vie tims, and multiple explosions or secondary effects of explosion (such as a building collapse). 

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