Cascade reactions Mizoroki-Heck

For nongroup-selective examples, one of the first reports of an enantioselective intramolecular Mizoroki-Heck reaction was a polyene cyclization (Scheme 12.22) [23b], The trienyl triflate 5 underwent two intramolecular cyclization reactions to give the tricycle 6 in high yield and 45% ee. A cascade intramolecular Mizoroki-Heck-hydride capture sequence was used in the synthesis of retinoid derivatives from aryl iodide 100 to give benzofuran 101 in 80-81% ee [49]. Poor enantioselectivity was observed when neutral reaction conditions were employed. 

Enantioselective intramolecular cascade Mizoroki-Heck reactions have been shown to proceed with moderate to good selectivity via the cationic manifold. There are surprisingly few enantioselective examples, given the wide array of transformations known for cr-alkylpalladium intermediates in racemic or diastereoselective reactions. All of the nongroup-selective, enantioselective, cascade, intramolecular Mizoroki-Heck reactions reported to date involve formation of one quaternary centre. A substantial advance would be to expand the range of transformations available for the a-alkylpalladium species and... 

Shibasaki and coworkers [40] also demonstrated the use of soft carbanionic nucleophiles, initially sodium dimethyl malonate, in cascade asymmetric Mizoroki-Heck cyclization- j -allyl trapping sequences. This conversion succeeds with various soft carbanionic nucleophiles to provide functionalized bicyclo[3.3.0]octane derivatives 55 in excellent yields (72-92%) and up to 94% ee (Scheme 16.13). The enantioselectivity of these Mizoroki-Heck reactions is significantly diminished in the absence of NaBr a speculative rationale to account for the effect of the NaBr additive has been advanced [40]. 

For palladium catalyzed cascade reactions involving Heck reactions Tietze, L.F. and Levy, LM. (2009) in The Mizoroki-Heck Reaction (ed. M. Oestreich), John Wiley Sons, Dd, Chichester, p. 281. 

In a narrower sense, this review covers intramolecular Mizoroki-Heck [1] reactions forming carbocycles [2] that is, the palladium-catalyzed intramolecular coupling of vinyl/aryl (pseudo-)halides with an alkene tethered by a hydrocarbon chain. Ring closures furnishing heterocycles are covered in Chapter 6 also beyond the scope of this chapter are the domino/cascade or tandem (Chapter 8) and asymmetric processes (Chapters 12 and 16) dealing with formation of a carbocycle. 

Cyclopropanes and cyclobutanes were only accessible via xo-type cyclizations, the former only within domino/cascade reactions (see Chapter 8) and the latter being realized by Erase [5a] in desymmetrizing Mizoroki-Heck cyclizations (see Chapter 13) and by Mulzer et al. [5b] five-membered and larger rings are formed in both modes. 

In this section, only examples of Mizoroki-Heck reactions where a proper addition of the cr -aryl- or a -alkeny Ipalladium(II) complex to a double bond of an alkene or alkyne occurs are considered. As a consequence, an often-met deviation from the classic Mizoroki-Heck mechanism, the so-called cyclopalladation, will not be treated in further detail [12, 18]. However, as it is of some importance, especially in heterocycle formation and mainly because it will be encountered later during polycyclization cases, it shall be mentioned briefly below. Palladacycles are assumed to be intermediates in intramolecular Mizoroki-Heck reactions when j3-elimination of the formed intermediate cannot occur. These are frequently postulated as intermediates during intramolecular aryl-aryl Mizoroki-Heck reactions under dehydrohalogenation (Scheme 6.1). The reactivity of these palladacycles is strongly correlated to their size. Six-membered and larger palladacycles quickly undergo reductive elimination, whereas the five-membered species can, for example, lead to Mizoroki-Heck-type domino or cascade processes [18,19]. 

Scheme 6.14 Cascade of two intramolecular heterocyclic-forming Mizoroki-Heck reactions with anion capture.

Barluenga et al. [87] developed a one-pot synthesis for indoles from o-bromoanilines and alkenyl bromides via a cascade alkenyl amination/Mizoroki-Heck reaction. In order to improve the yields of their procedure, they studied the cyclization of preformed imine 113 to indole 114 in the presence of DavePhos and X-Phos as supporting ligands (Scheme 6.30). 

Reaction Scope Cascade (or Domino) Asymmetric Intramoiecuiar Mizoroki-Heck Reactions... 

Scheme 12.22 Polyene cyclization and Mizoroki-Heck-hydride capture cascade reactions.

Scheme 12.24 Enantioselective intramolecular Mizoroki-Heck-cyanation cascade reaction.

The first example of an enantioselective intramolecular cascade Mizoroki-Heck-cyanation sequence was recently reported which included the reaction of amide 104 (Scheme 12.24) [33], The cyanide source employed was potassium ferro(II)cyanide, which has been utilized for the palladium-catalysed cyanation of aryl halides. The proposed reaction pathway for the Mizoroki-Heck-cyanation involves capture of a a-alkylpalladium intermediate. Previous examples of enantioselective Mizoroki-Heck cyclization-anion capture most often involve trapping of the 7r-allylpalladium complexes in group-selective reactions. Reaction conditions were surveyed for the Mizoroki-Heck cyanation sequence. It was found that Pd(dba)2 afforded better enantioselectivities than Pd(OAc)2 with Ag3P04 as the additive. Using PMP under neutral conditions led to racemic product. To improve the enantioselectivity, several bidentate ligands were screened, and the ligand DIFLUORPHOS 54a was found to give the best enantioselectivity. 

Ligand 29 (Table 15.1, entry 9) was also nsed in intramolecular Mizoroki-Heck reactions [72]. In combination with Pd(OAc)2, it catalysed a cascade ring-closing metathesis (RCM)/Mizoroki-Heck reaction. The RCM step was conducted at room temperature on (bromo or iodo) iV-alkenyl-A-allyl-2-halo-benzenesnlfonamides and the Mizoroki-Heck reaction was run at 110°C for 16 h in a perflnorons solvent system. The overall yield with fluorous conditions (0-67%) was significantly lower than a reference system with polymer-bound palladinm catalyst (58-80%). 

The cascade process was initially explored with prochiral trienyl iodide 44 (Scheme 16.11) [36, 37]. Mizoroki-Heck cyclization of this precursor produced -ally(palladium species 45, which was trapped by acetate at the least-hindered terminus of the ry -aWyl system to provide CM-bicyclo[3.3.0]octadiene 46 in 60% yield, albeit with very low enantioselectivity (20% ee). Attempts to use silver salts as halide scavengers in this reaction led to the decomposition of 44, presumably resulting from the sensitivity of the cyclopentadienyl moiety. Mizoroki-Heck cyclization of prochiral vinyl triflate 47 with Pd(OAc)2, (S)-BINAP and tetrabutylammonium acetate was more productive, giving diquinane product 48 in excellent yield and 80% ee (Scheme 16.12). The corresponding allylic amine 49 was obtained in analogous fashion using benzylamine as the nucleophile [38]. Allylic acetate 48 was elaborated in seven steps to triquinane /3-ketoester 50, an intermediate in Shibasaki and coworkers [39] earlier total syntheses of ( )-A -capnellene-3/3,8/3,10a-triol (51) and )-A. -c3i me ene-5p, P,l0a,lA-i xdiO (52). 

Alternatively, tetrahydroanthracene 85 was also obtained directly from symmetrical ditriflate 86 by a Suzuki cross-coupling/asymmetric Mizoroki-Heck cascade reaction. In this case, reaction of ditriflate 86 with alkylborane 82, Pd(OAc)2, (S)-BINAP and K2CO3 in THF at 60 °C directly gave product 85 in high enantiopurity, albeit in 20% yield. Although the yield for this one-pot conversion was poor, this transformation represents a novel application of the asymmetric Mizoroki-Heck cyclization and remains the only reported example of cascade Suzuki cross-coupling/asymmetric Mizoroki-Heck cyclization. A series of additional synthetic transformations was required to convert 85 to pentacyclic intermediate 87, which had earlier been converted by Harada et al. [53] to halenaquinone (88) and halenaquinol (89). 

The identification of novel ways to incorporate an asymmetric intramolecular Mizoroki-Heck reaction as part of a cascade cyclization sequence has led to attractive approaches for assembling complex polycyclic molecules. Keay and coworkers [54] reported the use of a double Mizoroki-Heck cyclization as the pivotal step in the asymmetric total synthesis of xestoquinone (93), a reduced congener of halenaquinone (Scheme 16.20). In this step, naphthyl triflate 90 was cyclized with Pd2(dba)3 (dba = dibenzylideneace-tone), (5 )-BINAP and 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidine (PMP) in toluene at 110°C to give pentacyclic product 92 with impressive efficiency and moderate enantioselectivity. This conversion proceeds by initial asymmetric 6-exo Mizoroki-Heck cyclization to form the central six-membered carbocycle and install the benzylic quaternary stereocentre. The first cyclization event is followed by a second Mizoroki-Heck reaction in which neopentyl... 

In the years since the first reports in 1989 [4,5], the scope of the asymmetric intramolecular Mizoroki-Heck reactions has been substantially increased. This transformation has now been employed as a key strategic step in total syntheses of a wide variety of polycyclic natural products. Among the features that contribute to the broad utility of asymmetric Mizoroki-Heck cyclizations are the high functional group tolerance of palladium(O)-catalysed reactions, the remarkable capacity of this transformation to forge C—C bonds in situations of considerable steric congestion and the ability to orchestrate cascade or tandem processes that form multiple rings. 

It is certain that many more applications of catalytic asymmetric intramolecular Mizoroki-Heck reactions will be described in the future. This survey makes apparent the small number of ligands that have been used thus far, with Noyori and coworkers BINAP ligand being the most widely employed [80]. Two future trends are easy to predict a larger variety of chiral ligands [56, 58, 81, 82] will be used in asymmetric Mizoroki-Heck processes and a greater variety of cascade processes involving intramolecular Mizoroki-Heck reactions will be developed. 

---