Cartilage mineralized

Cartilage is an important connective tissue in the joints between bones and other parts of the endoskeleton of animals. The process of cartilage mineralization is closely related to bone formation.77 The 31P MAS spectra... 

Osteomalacia is the name given to defective bone mineralization in adults (Fig. 2). Rickets is chiiractcrized by defects of bone and cartilage mineralization in children. Vitamin D deficiency was once the most common reason for rickets and osteomalacia, but the addition of vitamin D to foodstuffs has almost eliminated the condition except in the elderly or housebound. the institutionalized, and in certain ethnic groups. Elderly Asian women with a predominantly vegetarian diet are particularly at risk. Vitamin D status can be assessed by measurement of the main circulating metabolite. 23-hydroxycholecalciferol. in a scrum specimen. The metabolism of vitamin D is shown in Figure 3. 

Boskey A (2006) Mineralization, Structure and Function of Bone. In Dynamics of Bone and Cartilage Metabolism, 2nd edn. Seibel MJ, Robins SP, Bilezikian JP (eds), San Diego, Academic Press,201-212... 

The family of connective-tissue cells includes fibroblasts, chondrocytes (cartilage cells), and osteoblasts (bone-forming cells). They are specialized to secrete extracellular proteins, particularly collagens, and mineral substances, which they use to build up the extracellular matrix (see p. 346). By contrast, osteoclasts dissolve bone matter again by secreting and collagenases (see p. 342). 

Mechanism of Action A bisphosphonate that inhibits the resorption of mineralized bone and cartilage inhibits increased osteoclastic activity and skeletal calcium release induced by stimulatory factors produced by tumors. Therapeutic Effect Increases urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion decreases serum calcium and phosphorus levels. 

The non-specific alkaline phosphatases present in bone and calcifying cartilage have several properties in common. The ATPases concerned in the formation of different hard tissues seem to be isozymes. It could be shown that two enzymes capable of degrading ATP exist. One of them can be inhibited by levamisole and R 8231 and is probably identical with non-specific alkaline phosphates. The activity of the other enzyme, tentatively named Ca-ATPase , is dependent on the presence of Ca2+ or Mg2+ and is activated by these ions. The Ca-ATPase is unaffected by ouabain and ruthenium red. It may be speculated that the Ca-ATPase is concerned with the transmembranous transport of Ca2+-ions to the mineralization front229. ... 

Rabinowitz, J. L., Tavares, C. J., Lipson, R., Peterson, P. Lipid components and in vitro mineralization of some invertebrate cartilages. Biol. Bull. 150, 69 (1976)... 

Hohling, H. J. Collagen mineralization in bone, dentine, cementum and cartilage. Naturwissenschaften 56, 466 (1969)... 

Miller, E. J. The collagen of bone and cartilage. In Biological mineralization (ed. I. Zipkin), pp. 95-115. New York-London-Sydney-Toronto John Wiley Sons 1973. 

Wu, L.N., Genge, B.R., Sauer, G.R., and R.E. Wuthier, 1996, Characterization and reconstitution of the nucleational complex responsible for mineral formation by growth plate cartilage matrix vesicles. Connect Tissue Res. 35(1 1) 309-15. 

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