Cartilage cells

Lymphocytes, inflammatory cells, intestinal mucosal cells, cartilage cells and bone precursor cells Inhibition of proliferation... 

McMahon Actually, I think it is even worse than that. The connection between the Hox genes and what is going on in those primordia in any sense is unknown. I can t understand why this is the case the model, formulated by Denis Dubole, has been out there for some time. It is a persuasive model, but we don t even know whether the Hox genes are actually expressed within the cartilage cells and have cell autonomous effects, or whether they are outside the cartilage. 

GH primarily displays an anabolic activity. It partially stimulates the growth of bone, muscle and cartilage cells directly. Binding of GH to its hepatic receptor results in the synthesis and release of... 

Cyclosporine reduces production of cytokines involved in T-cell activation and has direct effects on B cells, macrophages, bone, and cartilage cells. Its onset appears to be 1 to 3 months. Important toxicities at doses of 1 to 10 mg/kg/day include hypertension, hyperglycemia, nephrotoxicity, tremor, GI intolerance, hirsutism, and gingival hyperplasia. Cyclosporine should be reserved for patients refractory to or intolerant of other DMARDs. It should be avoided in patients with current or past malignancy, uncontrolled hypertension, renal dysfunction, immunodeficiency, low white blood cell or platelet counts, or elevated Ever function tests. 

The family of connective-tissue cells includes fibroblasts, chondrocytes (cartilage cells), and osteoblasts (bone-forming cells). They are specialized to secrete extracellular proteins, particularly collagens, and mineral substances, which they use to build up the extracellular matrix (see p. 346). By contrast, osteoclasts dissolve bone matter again by secreting and collagenases (see p. 342). 

GH primarily displays an anabolic activity. It partially stimulates the growth of bone, muscle and cartilage cells directly. Binding of GH to its hepatic receptor results in the synthesis and release of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), which mediates most of GH s growth-promoting activity on, for example, bone and skeletal muscle (Chapter 7). The major effeets mediated by hGH are summarized in Table 8.6. 

II Cartilage Thin fibrils around cartilage cells... 

Bone cells, unlike cartilage cells, characteristically possess many long cytoplasmic processes, and so it has been difficult to determine whether structures which appear as vesicles in the bone matrix are not actually cell processes. Most vesicles are isolated within the bone matrix and are unattached to cells. 

Wuthier, R. E, Lipid composition of isolated epiphyseal cartilage cells, membranes and matrix vesicles. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 409, 128 (1975)... 

Lack of a pyrophosphate ion pump in cartilage cells may cause a deficit in pyrophosphate in the surroundings of the forming bone. In mice with a defect in this pump bony spurs, similar to those in human osteoarthritis, are formed.7113 Over half of the world s population of persons over 65 years of age are afflicted by arthritis, over 100 types being known.711b... 

An electron micrograph showing the structure of artificial cartilage made with a matrix of polyglyolid fibers that hold embedded cartilage cells (David Mooney/ Photo Researchers, Inc.)... 

Influence of Soluble Mediators and Mechanical Forces on Articular Cartilage Cells... 

Chayen J, Bitensky L, Mehdizadeh S et al. (1994) Testing drugs on human osteoarthritic articular cartilage. Cell Biochem Funct 12 63-68... 

Stockwell, R.A. (1979) Biology of Cartilage Cells, Cambridge University Press, London. 

HA is an unsulfated glycosaminoglycane composed of repeating disaccharide units of D-glucuronic acid and A-acetylglucosaminc linked a-( 1 —4) and p-( 1—3), respectively. HA has special importance because it is a component of the ECM [53] in the soft tissues of mammals, where it mainly ensures water retention [54], This enables the transport of nutrients to, and removal of waste from, cells that do not have a direct blood supply, such a cartilage cells. Moreover, HA is present in the synovial joint fluid, the vitreous humor of the eye, cartilage, blood vessels, and the unbilical cord. More detailed information about the biological functions and physicochemical properties of HA can be found elsewhere [55, 56],... 

T3) and growth cartilage cells in culture./owma/ of Biological Chemistry 264, 11879-... 

Keywords Artificial cartilage Cell scaffold Double network Hydrogel Fow friction Strength Toughness... 

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