Cartilage interstitial fluid

Park, S., R. Krishnan et al. 2003. Cartilage interstitial fluid load support in unconfined compression. JBiomech 36(12) 1785-96. 

In studies of a completely different type of porous structure, Lipshitz and Etheredge [24] showed that articular cartilage is anisotropic in flow of interstitial fluid and that its properties are a function of the impedence to flow during and following compression. 

The Porous Platens. Since the Interstitial fluid of cartilage is exuded during compression (5), its measured mechanical properties will vary if any Impediments to flow are Imposed by the experimental apparatus (i.e. a resistance above that inherent to the tissue). Measurement of the tissue s real mechanical properties at significant strains, would require that it be compressed against completely free draining platens, (i.e. ones that conceivably have zero or negligible resistance to flow) that cause no distortion to its surface during compression. Then the confined compression of the tissue would presumably result in predominantly uniaxial flow fields with little lateral flow of... 

The linear approximation is also able to describe creep and stress relaxation experiments in suspended cells (e.g., leukocytes) and several types of anchorage-dependent cells [Koay, 2003 Sato, 1990]. Taking the continuum theory to another level of complexity, the cytoplasm may be considered to consist of both solid polymeric contents and interstitial fluid. Then it will be appropriate to treat the two phases separately as in the biphasic model [Humphrey, 2001], This model has been widely used to study musculoskeletal cell mechanics, especially single chondrocytes and their interaction with the extracellular cartilage matrix [Shieh, 2002 Shieh, 2003], However, the biphasic theory and irregular geometry often render analytical solution too challenging [Shieh, 2003]. 

Mak, A. F. (1986). The apparent viscoelastic behavior of articular cartilage The contributions from the intrinsic matrix viscoelasticity and interstitial fluid flow, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 108 123-130. 

Buschmann, M.D. et al. Stimulation of aggrecan synthesis in cartilage explants by cycUc loading is localized to regions of high interstitial fluid flow. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 366,1,1999. 

Proteoglycans are found in interstitial connective tissues, for example, the synovial fluid of joints, the vitreous humor of the eye, arterial walls, bone, cartilage, and cornea. They are major components of the ECM in these tissues. The proteoglycans interact with a variety of proteins in the matrix, such as collagen and elastin, fibronectin (which is involved in cell adhesion and migration), and laminin. 

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