Supercritical fluid extraction carotenoids

Macias-Sanchez, M.D. et al.. Supercritical fluid extraction of carotenoids and chlorophyll a from Nannochloropsis gaditana, J. Food Eng., 66, 245, 2005. 

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been by far the most important method for separating chlorophylls. Open column chromatography and thin layer chromatography are still used for clean-up procedures to isolate and separate carotenoids and other lipids from chlorophylls and for preparative applications, but both are losing importance for analytical purposes due to their low resolution and have been replaced by more effective techniques like solid phase, supercritical fluid extraction and counter current chromatography. The whole analysis should be as brief as possible, since each additional step is a potential source of epimers and allomers. 

Carotenoids A large number of solvents have been used for extraction of carotenoids from vegetables matrices, such as acetone, tetrahydrofuran, n-hexane, pentane, ethanol, methanol, chloroform [427-431], or solvent mixtures such as dichloromethane/methanol, tetrahydrofuran/methanol, -hexane/acetone, or toluene or ethyl acetate [424,432-435], SPE has been used as an additional purification step by some authors [422,426], Supercritical fluid extraction (SEE) has been widely used, as an alternative method, also adding CO2 modifiers (such as methanol, ethanol, -hexane, water, methylene chloride) to increase extraction efficiency [436-438], In addition, saponification can be carried out, but a loss of the total carotenoid content has been observed and, furthermore, direct solvent extraction has been proved to be a valid alternative [439],... 

T. Lorenzo, S.J. Schwartz and P.K. Kilpatrick, Supercritical fluid extraction of carotenoids from Dunaliela algae, in Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on Supercritical Fluids, (ed. M. A. McHugh), Boston, (1991) 297. 

Careri M, Furlattini L, Mangia A, Musci M, Anklam E, Theobald A and von Holst C, Supercritical fluid extraction for liquid chromatographic determination of carotenoids in Spirulinapacifica algae A chemometric approach. J ChromatogrA 912 61-71 (2001). 

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with carbon dioxide (CO2) has been used as an alternative to the previously mentioned liquid-liquid extraction methods for food samples. One of the main advantages of SFE is that it yields extracts that are free from chemical residues (Spanos et ah, 1993). Where other extraction methods require large amounts of organic solvents that can be costly to purchase and dispose of, SFE is low cost, nontoxic, and environmentally friendly (Marsili and Callahan, 1993). Carbon dioxide is the most commonly used supercritical fluid, as its low critical temperature (31 °C) makes it favorable for the extraction of heat-sensitive carotenoids (Vagi et ah, 2002). 

Barth MM, Zhou C, Kute KM, Rosenthal GA. Determination of optimum conditions for supercritical fluid extraction of carotenoids from carrot Daucus carota L.) tissue. J Agric Food Chem 1995 43 2876-2878. 

L. H. Tonucci, G. R. Beecher, A.. P. Emery, and S. N. Chesler, Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Carotenoids from Foods, Proc. 4th International Symposium on Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Extraction, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, pp. 119-120, May 1992. 

Supercritical fluid extraction has been suggested as an alternative method for selective one-step isolation of carotenoids without degradations (but see Britton et al., 1995). For instance, Favati et al. (1988) isolated (3-carotene... 

Santos, D.T., Martin, A., Meireles, M.A.A., and Cocero, M.J. Production of stabilized sub-micrometric particles of carotenoids using supercritical fluid extraction of emulsions. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 61 (2012) 167-174. 

Liau B-C, Shen C-T, Liang F-P, Hong S-E, Hsu S-L, JongT-T, et al. Supercritical fluids extraction and anti-solvent purification of carotenoids from microalgae and associated bioactivity. J Supercrit Fluids 2010 55 169. 

Canela APRF, Rosa PTV, Marques MOM, Meirele MAA (2002) Supercritical fluid extraction of fatty acids and carotenoids from the microalgae Spiruiina maxima, hid Eng Chem Res 41 3012... 

Some modifications were proposed by Chuang and Brunner in this supercritical fluid extraction process to contour the low selectivity that they have previously observed [63]. The authors utilized a process of transesterification of palm oil and subsequently after the three-step extraction obtains a product 200-fold concentrated in carotenoids but virtually absent of esters, fatty acids, and triglycerides. Nevertheless, the temperature used (60 °C) and the presence of O2 in supercritical CO2, conditions that lead to carotenoid degradation, require addition of antioxidants (such as butylated hydroxytoluene) to the process [64]. 

De Franpa, L.F. et ah. Supercritical extraction of carotenoids and lipids from buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), a fruit from the Amazon region, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 14, 247, 1999. 

Sun M and Temelli F. 2006. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of carotenoids from carrot using canola oil as a continuous co-solvent. J Supercrit Fluids 37(3) 397-408. 

Paprika can be extracted to recover carotenoids, not only with CO2 but also with other gases. For example, by using ethane or ethylene, better results were obtained for the yield, extraction time, and quality of product. The solubilities of carotenoids are better in these gases, which is why the consumption of solvent and the extraction time were reduced. Practically water-free dye-concentrate was recovered by supercritical fluid ethane (under the conditions extraction 250 bar, 45°C separation 46 bar, 45 °C). The separation of pungent substances (capsaicinoids, free fatty acids) from the pigments can be carried out effectively in a continuous, counter-current extraction column with a large number of theoretical plates. 

P. Subra, S. Castellani and Y. Garrabos, Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of carotenoids from carrots, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Supercritical Fluids (eds. G. Brunner, M. Perrut), Strasbourg, Tome 2, (1994) 447. 

Machmudah, S. Kawahito, Y. Sasaki, M. Goto, M. 2008. Process optimization and extraction rate analysis of carotenoids extraction from rosehip fruit using supercritical CO2. J. Supercrit. Fluids 44 308-314. 

Table 111.1 Example of supercritical analysis fluid extraction conditions employed in carotenoid...

Other carotenoids such as lycopene from tomato and its industrial waste [65-68] and lutein esters from marigold (Tagetes erecta) petals [69-71] had been extracted with supercritical fluids, achieving better extractiOT yields when modifiers and cosolvents were used as acetone, chloroform, ethanol, and vegetable oils. 

Filho, G., Rosso, V., Meireles, M., Rosa, P., Oliveira, A., Mercadante, A., and Cabral, F. 2008. Supercritical C02 extraction of carotenoids from pitanga fruits (Eugenia uniflora L.). The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 46(1), 33-39. 

Supercritical extraction of carotenoides and lipids from Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa) a fruit of the Amazon Region. Journal Supercritical Fluids, 74(3), 247-258. Doi 10.1016/S0896-8446(98)00122-3. 

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