Carnation, Dianthus

Flavonol synthase (FLS E.C.l.14.11.23) catalyzes the committed step in the production of fiavonols by introduction of a double bond between C2 and C3 of the corresponding dihydroflavonols. Like E3H, ELS has been described as a 2-oxoglutatarate-dependent dioxygenase based on its cofactor requirements for 2-oxoglutarate, Fe, and ascorbate. FLS was initially identified in enzyme preparations from illuminated parsley cell suspension cultures [67]. Subsequently, FLS was characterized from the flower buds of Matthiola incana and carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.), and it was suggested that there was regulation between flavonol and anthocyanidin biosynthesis [83, 84]. 

Gonnet, J.-F. and Hieu, H., In situ micro-spectrophotometric and micro-spectrocolorimetric investigation of vascular pigments in flowers and cultivars of carnation Dianthus caryophyllus), J. Hort. Sci., 67, 663, 1992. 

Curir, P. et al., Kaempferide triglycoside a possible factor of resistance of carnation Dianthus caryophyllus) to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi, Phytochemistry, 56, 717, 2001. 

Canna, Canna Carnation, Dianthus Cedar, Cedrus Celosia, Celosia China aster, Callistephus Chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum Clematis, Clematis Cockscomb, Celosia Coleus, Coleus Columbine, Aquilegia Coneflower, Echinacea, Rudbeckia... 

Several other plant tissues were analyzed by pyrolytic techniques [63-70]. One example is the analysis of plant tissues from carnations (DIanthus caryophyllus). 

Photoautotrophic air-grown cell suspension cultures of carnation (Dianthus caryophlllus L.) were routinely subcultured every four weeks using the Murashige and Skoog medium, as previousely described (6). Cells were harvested in the mid-log exponential phase of growth for the experiments. 

As described above, the first enzyme general to all flavonoid biosynthesis, chalcone synthase (naringenin-chalcone synthase), catalyzes the cyclization of a precursor formed from p-coumaryl-CoA and three units of malonyl-CoA (Fig. 11.6) (Dewick, 1989 Gerats and Martin, 1992 Heller and Forkmann, 1988). The enzyme, usually found in plant epidermal cells, has a molecular weight of about 42,000, requires no cofactors, and has been isolated from several plant cell cultures such as French bean Phaseolus vulgaris), parsley Petroselinum crispum), and the flowers of the carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus, Caryophyllaceae) (Hutchinson, 1986). p-Coumaiic acid and malonyl-CoA are the preferred precursors. Malonyl-ACP will not serve. 

Ceron, J.J., C. Gutierrez-Panizo, A. Baiba, and M.A. Camara. Endosulfan Isomers and Metabolite Residue Degradation in Carnation Dianthus caryophyllus) By-product Under Different Environmental Conditions, J. Environ. Sci. Health, B30(2) 221-232 (1995). 

Uses fragrance for use in various perfumes (lily carnation Dianthus oeillet. Hyacinth jacinthe Narcissus narcisse)... 

Uses fragrance for use in various perfumed products useful in soap perfumes and general perfumery as a floral additive of extremely versatile application blends with almost any other floral natural or synthetic materid and gives good effects in a concentration of 0.5% up to about 5% of the perfume base some perfumery uses (candy modifier and fixer in floral ylang Hyacinth jacinthe Muguet Lily Of The Valley lily carnation Dianthus oeillet Narcissus narcisse)... 

Pimenta dioica), sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum), holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum), baymm tree Pimenta racemosa), carnation Dianthus caryophyllus), and cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) [13]. 

Mayak S, Dilley DR (1976) Regulation of senescence in carnation Dianthus caryophyl-lus) Effect of abscisic acid and carbon dioxide on ethylene production. Plant Physiol 58 663-665... 

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