Cardanols

Carcinomas S. carcinostaticus Cardace Cardamom Cardamom oil [8000-66-6] Cardamom seed Cardamon seed Cardanol [37330-39-5] Cardboard Cardene... 

Synthetic resins, such as phenoHc and cresyUc resins (see Phenolic resins), are the most commonly used friction material binders, and are usually modified with drying oils, elastomer, cardanol [37330-39-5] an epoxy, phosphoms- or boron-based compounds, or even combinations of two. They ate prepared by the addition of the appropriate phenol and formaldehyde [50-00-0] in the presence of an acidic or basic catalyst. Polymerization takes place at elevated temperatures. Other resin systems are based on elastomers (see Elastomers, synthetic), drying oils, or combinations of the above or other polymers. 

Anacardium occidentalle L. Cashew nut shell Anacardic acid, Cardanol, Brazil, Tanzania, Kenya, Nigeria... 

Although urushiol possesses an interesting structure for transformation into speciality polymers, no attempt has been reported. Notwithstanding its applications in a specified area, it appears that it is not properly put to use as it can be converted to polymers with better properties. The possibilities for such conversions into high-performance polymers are illustrated by cardanol, a phenolic lipid of related structure obtained from Ana-cardium occidentale. 

The structures of anacardic acid, cardol, cardanol, and 2-methyl cardol are given in Fig. 9. Each component... 

Table 7 Percentage Content of Individual Constitutents of Cardanol...

Brake linings and clutch facings. CNSL and cardanol have found extensive uses in automotive brake... 

The oligomerization of cardanol with boron trifluoride etharate as the initiator was studied in detail by Antony et al. [171]. The reaction conditions were optimized by using gel permeation chromatography as 140°C with an initiator concentration of 1%. GPC data indicate conversion of all monoene, diene, and triene components into polymer except the saturated component, indicating participation of all the unsaturated components in polymerization. It is possible that the initiation of po-... 

Scheme 5 Mechanism of grafting of cardanol onto cellulose.

Figure 11 Novel strategies for value addition to cardanol polymers.

Flame retardants. Cardanol, although one may point out that the long side chain can act as fuel provider under actual flame conditions, has certain interesting structural features for developing into wide spectrum... 

The cationic polymerization of cardanol under acidic conditions has been referred to earlier [170,171], NMR studies [16] indicated a carbonium ion initiated mechanism for oligomerization. PCP was found to be highly reactive with aldehydes, amines, and isocyates. Highly insoluble and infusible thermoset products could be obtained. Hexamine-cured PCP showed much superior thermal stability (Fig. 12) at temperatures above 500°C to that of the unmodified cardanol-formaldehyde resins. However, it was definitely inferior to phenolic resins at all temperatures. The difference in thermal stability between phenolic and PCP resins could be understood from the presence of the libile hydrocarbon segment in PCP. 

CF = cardanol-formaldehyde resin (cured) MCPAF = monocar-danyl phosphoric acid-formaldehyde resin (cured) BrCF = bromo derivative of CF BrMCPAF = bromoderivative of MCPAF PF = phenol-formaldehyde (cured) MPPAF = monophenyl phosphoric acid-formaldehyde (cured), BrPF = bromo derivative of PF BrMPPAF = bromoderivative of MPPAF PPF = phenol-formaldehyde resin phosphorylated (cured). 

The lower thermal stability of cardanol-formaldehyde resin and their derivatives were expected because of the presence of the libile side chain in the system. Although phenolics are superior in their properties, their bromo derivatives exhibit very low char yields. Oxidation of the char by a decomposition product is suspected. Evaluation of the LOI data with char yields individually for phosphorus and bromine suggests a positive interac-... 

As halogen-based FRs give rise to toxic fumes and gases, the search for alternate FRs with similar properties are now a topic of great interest. The efficiency of halogen FRs are such that they are very difficult to be substituted. In this connection, polyphosphate-based nonhalogen FRs based on CNSL and cardanol offer opportunities for development [190]. 

Interpenetrating network polymer. In a separate study, it was shown that cardanol-formaldehyde resins foiTn semi-interpenetrating networks with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Although interpenetration of CF... 

Cardanol grafted cellulose. One of the advanced techniques to improve the properties of a polymer is to graft another polymer onto it. Grafting of vinyl monomers onto cellulose has been the subject of extensive studies during the last decade or two. Grafted cellulose copolymers have been found to have improved proper-... 

Table 17 Water Repellency of Cardanol-Grafted Cellulose in Comparison to Other Copolymers...

Cardanol could also be converted to an azophenyl group containing LC polymer. This was possible by per-... 

Cardanol Anacardium occidentalle L (3-carboxy-4-hydroxy phenyl) glycine Dyer s weed... 

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