Carboxylic vinyl polymer

Thickening agents. When pseudoplasticity is necessary in NBR adhesives (spread coating operations, sprayed cements), carboxylic vinyl polymers can be added. 

Figures 8.37 and 8.38 [9] present velocity and temperature fields across the thickness, respectively, for various values of Br, and forn = 1 and n = 0.6. Griffith calculated the screw characteristic curves for Newtonian and non-Newtonian shear thinning fluids using various power law indices. Figure 8.39 presents these results and compares them to experiments performed with a carboxyl vinyl polymer (n = 0.2) and corn starch (n = 1).

Figure 8.39 Screw characteristic curves for various power law indeces. Experimental values are shown for a carboxyl vinyl polymer with n = 0.5 and corn starch (Newtonian) with n = 1 [9].

One method (116) of producing cellular polymers from a variety of latexes uses primarily latexes of carboxylated styrene—butadiene copolymers, although other elastomers such as acryUc elastomers, nitrile mbber, and vinyl polymers can be employed. 

Almost all synthetic binders are prepared by an emulsion polymerization process and are suppHed as latexes which consist of 48—52 wt % polymer dispersed in water (101). The largest-volume binder is styrene—butadiene copolymer [9003-55-8] (SBR) latex. Most SBRlatexes are carboxylated, ie, they contain copolymerized acidic monomers. Other latex binders are based on poly(vinyl acetate) [9003-20-7] and on polymers of acrylate esters. Poly(vinyl alcohol) is a water-soluble, synthetic biader which is prepared by the hydrolysis of poly(viayl acetate) (see Latex technology Vinyl polymers). 

Copolymers wet and adhere well to nonporous surfaces, such as plastics and metals. They form soft, flexible films, in contrast to the tough, horny films formed by homopolymers, and are more water-resistant. As the ratio of comonomer to vinyl acetate increases, the variety of plastics to which the copolymer adheres also increases. Comonomers containing functional groups often adhere to specific surfaces for example, carboxyl containing polymers adhere well to metals. 

Imidazole-5-carboxamide, l-methyl-4-nitro-mass spectra, 5, 359 Imidazole-4-carboxanilide, 1-methyl-synthesis, 5, 435 Imidazolecarboxylic acid, vinyl-polymers, 1, 281 Imidazole-2-carboxylic acid chlorination, 5, 398 mass spectra, 5, 360 synthesis, 5, 474... 

Pyrazine, tetrahydro-, 3, 177, 178 Pyrazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-synthesis, 3, 177 Pyrazine, 2,3,5-tri-t-butyl-synthesis, 3, 185 Pyrazine, 2,3,5-trichloro-nucleophilic substitution, 3, 176 Pyrazine, 2-vinyl-polymers, 1, 290-291 Pyrazine-3-carboxylic acid, 2-amino-methyl ester... 

Morawetz and co-workers did pioneering work on reactivity and conformation of vinyl polymers in solution. Their initial goal was to use reactive groups on the polymer backbone to probe conformation. In one early study Morawetz and Gaetjens (6S) reported on the preparation of a copolymer of methacrylic acid and p-nitrophenyl methacrylate (1-2%). Hydrolysis of the ester on the polymer involves the neighboring carboxyl group. 

Incorporation of carboxyl groups in vinyl polymers (J) and polyolefins (1, 7) improves the adhesion of these polymers to various materials. However, many of these carboxylated polymers, particularly the carboxylated polyolefins, have limited solubility in volatile, lacquer-type solvents such as butyl acetate or methyl ethyl ketone and thus are limited in their ability to improve the adhesion of coatings applied from solvents. Carboxylated polyesters that are soluble in these solvents can be prepared. We were therefore interested in determining the effects of structure and carboxyl content on the adhesion of coatings of various classes of polymers blended with carboxylated polyesters. 

IM-COOH-OH cooperation. Polymers such as poly(4(5)-vinylimidazole-co-7-vinyl-7-butyrolactone), poly(IM-la), and poly(4(5)-vinylimidazole-co-acrylic acid-covinyl alcohol) derived from poly(4(5)-vinylimidazole-co-methyl acrylate-co-vinyl acetate), both of which contain imidazole, carboxylic acid and hydroxyl moieties are synthesized and studied as a model of a-chymotrypsin (29). The former has a relatively ordered sequence and the latter has a random one. Results are tabulated in Table 11. The polymers cited in the Tabel contain a similarly low quantity of imidazole moiety, so that the cooperation of two subsequent imidazole moieties need not be discussed. Polymers such as L-84, L-68, M-83 and A-84 have higher catalytic activities than the polymer V-82. This suggests that the catalytic activity of the imidazole moiety in the polymers is much promoted by the carboxylate moiety in the polymers. The catalytic activities of L-84 and L-68 which have an ordered sequence are more than twice as high as that of M-83, having a random sequence. From these results it is concluded that the introduction of the hydroxyl moiety which has little cooperative effect on the imidazole moiety in V-82 in this reaction conrfition into imidazole and carboxylate — containing polymer, increases... 

Polymethacrylic acid, PMA, is composed of vinyl polymer backbone as with PAA molecules, but a carbons attached to carboxyl groups are bonded to methyl groups instead of hydrogen atoms. This rather hydrophobic poly-carboxylic acid shows a peculiar acid dissociation behavior. As is illustrated... 

Many esters such as butyl acetate and ethyl acetate are used as solvents for vinyl polymers. Figure 19 shows the solubility properties of a carboxyl containing terpolymer in various acetate solvents. These esters can also be used as diluents or to alter evaporation rates in mixed solvent systems. If a primary solvent such as a ketone is present, very high solids can be obtained. 

Carboxypolymethylene. Carbomer cnrbopol car -boxyviny] polymer. A vinyl polymer with active carboxyl groups. Description Chern. Eng. News 36, 64 (Sept. 29, 1958). 

Aromatic substituents at the chains of vinyl polymers influence the behavior of these materials. Aromatic units as part of the main chain exert a profound influence on virtually all important properties of the resulting polymer. Aromatic polyamides are formed by the repetitive reaction of aromatic amino group and carboxyl group in the molar ratio of 1 1. In aromatic polyamides as well as aromatic polyesters, the chain-stiffening aromatic rings are separated from each other by three consecutive single bonds ... 

All vinyl polymers are addition polymers. To differentiate the, the homopolymers have been classified by the substituents attached to one carbon atom of the double bone. If the substituent is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl, the homopolymers are listed under polyolefins. Olefin homopolymers with other substituents are described under polyvinyl compounds, except where the substituent is a nitrile, a carboxylic acid, or a carboxylic acid ester or amide. The monomers in the latter cases being derivatives of acrylic acid, the derived polymers are listed under acrylics. Under olefin copolymers are listed products which are produced by copolymerization of two or more monomers. 

Vinyl polymerization using metallocomplexes commonly proceeds by a radical pathway and rarely involves an ionic mechanism. For instance, metal chelates in combination with promoters (usually halogenated hydrocarbons) are known as initiators of homo- and copolymerization of vinylacetate. Similar polymer-bound systems are also known [3]. The polymerization mechanism is not well understood, but it is believed to be not exclusively radical or cationic (as polymerization proceeds in water). The macrochelate of Cu with a polymeric ether of acetoacetic acid effectively catalyzes acrylonitrile polymerization. Meanwhile, this monomer is used as an indicator for the radical mechanism of polymerization. Mixed-ligand manganese complexes bound to carboxylated (co)polymers have been used for emulsion polymerization of a series of vinyl monomers. Macromolecular complexes of Cu(N03)2 and Fe(N03)3 with diaminocellulose in combination with CCI4 are active in polymerization of MMA, etc. 

This technique is of limited value and can only be used when the polymer has an end group amenable to analysis. It can be used to follow the progress of linear condensation reactions when an end group, such as a carboxyl, is present and can be titrated. It is used to detect amino end groups in nylons dissolved in wt-cresol, by titration with methanohc perchloric acid solution, and can be applied to vinyl polymers if an initiator fragment, perhaps containing halogen, is attached to the end of the chain. 

W. H. Daly and T. S. Evenson. Grafting of vinyl polymers to carboxylated poly(arylene ether sulfone) utilizing barton ester intermediates and nitrox-ide mediation. Polymer, 41(13) 5063-5071, June 2000. 

Homogeneous blends of PVA with 5-15 per cent of a KL modified by reaction with a maleimide-substituted aromatic carboxylic acid provided a means to improve the thermal and photochemical stability of the vinyl polymer [34]. Thus, the thermal resistance of the PVA-modified lignin blends increased, as illustrated in Rg. 11.8 [34]. Spectroscopic... 

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