Carbonylation intermolecular reactions

The intermolecular version of the above described reaction has also been reported [92]. In the first example the reaction of a rhodium catalyst carbonyl ylide with maleimide was studied. However, only low enantioselectivities of up to 20% ee were obtained [92]. In a more recent report Hashimoto et al. were able to induce high enantioselectivities in the intermolecular carbonyl ylide reaction of the... 

The rhodium-catalyzed tandem carbonyl ylide formation/l,3-dipolar cycloaddition is an exciting new area that has evolved during the past 3 years and high se-lectivities of >90% ee was obtained for both intra- and intermolecular reactions with low loadings of the chiral catalyst. 

As in intermolecular reactions, enantioselectivity can be achieved in IMDA additions by use of chiral components. For example, the dioxolane ring in 5 and 6 results in TS structures that lead to enantioselective reactions.130 The chirality in the dioxolane ring is reflected in the respective TSs, both of which have an endo orientation of the carbonyl group. 

Scheme 10.2 gives some examples of ene and carbonyl-ene reactions. Entries 1 and 2 are thermal ene reactions. Entries 3 to 7 are intermolecular ene and carbonyl-ene reactions involving Lewis acid catalysts. Entry 3 is interesting in that it exhibits a significant preference for the terminal double bond. Entry 4 demonstrates the reactivity of methyl propynoate as an enophile. Nonterminal alkenes tend to give cyclobutenes with this reagent combination. The reaction in Entry 5 uses an acetal as the reactant, with an oxonium ion being the electrophilic intermediate. 

Chapter 10 considers the role of reactive intermediates—carbocations, carbenes, and radicals—in synthesis. The carbocation reactions covered include the carbonyl-ene reaction, polyolefin cyclization, and carbocation rearrangements. In the carbene section, addition (cyclopropanation) and insertion reactions are emphasized. Recent development of catalysts that provide both selectivity and enantioselectivity are discussed, and both intermolecular and intramolecular (cyclization) addition reactions of radicals are dealt with. The use of atom transfer steps and tandem sequences in synthesis is also illustrated. 

Although the high reactivity of metal-chalcogen double bonds of isolated heavy ketones is somewhat suppressed by the steric protecting groups, Tbt-substituted heavy ketones allow the examination of their intermolecular reactions with relatively small substrates. The most important feature in the reactivity of a carbonyl functionality is reversibility in reactions across its carbon-oxygen double bond (addition-elimination mechanism via a tetracoordinate intermediate) as is observed, for example, in reactions with water and alcohols. The energetic basis... 

Big ring ketones (cf. the acyloin condensation, p.218) may be obtained also by working at high dilution, i.e. the carbanion carbon atom then has a greater chance of reacting with the ester carbonyl carbon atom at the other end of its own chain than with one that is attached to a different molecule (intermolecular reaction). 

Efforts to realize an intramolecular version of the above reactions met with limited success when monocyclic 4-thio-substituted (3-lactams were used. Cu(acac)2-catalyzed decomposition of diazoketone 358 produced the epimeric carbapenams 359 a, b together with the oxapenam derivative 360 341 these compounds correspond to the C4/S insertion products obtained in intermolecular reactions. Oxapenams were obtained exclusively when the acrylate residue in 359 was replaced by an aryl or heteroaryl substituent 275 342). The different reaction mode of diazoketones 290a, b, which furnish mainly or exclusively carbonyl ylide rather than sulfur ylide derived products, has already been mentioned (Sect. 5.2). 

Unfortunately, in many cases the reaction is not so straightforward it becomes complicated because of the nature of the activated component. There is another nucleophile in the vicinity that can react with the electrophile namely, the oxygen atom of the carbonyl adjacent to the substituted amino group. This nucleophile competes with the amine nucleophile for the electrophilic center, and when successful, it generates a cyclic compound — the oxazolone. The intermolecular reaction (path A) produces the desired peptide, and the intramolecular reaction (path B) generates the oxazolone. The course of events that follows is dictated by the nature of the atom adjacent to the carbonyl that is implicated in the side reaction. 

An asymmetric intermolecular carbonyl-ene reaction catalyzed by 1 mol% of chiral A-triflyl phosphoramide (/ )-4t (1 mol%, R = 4-MeO-CgH ) was developed by Rueping and coworkers (Scheme 69) [88], Various a-methyl styrene derivatives 163 underwent the desired reaction with ethyl a,a,a-trifluoropyruvate 164 to afford the corresponding a-hydroxy-a-trifluoromethyl esters 165 in good yields along with high enantioselectivities (55-96%, 92-97% ee). The presence of the trifluoromethyl group was crucial and the use of methyl pyruvate or glyoxylate instead of 164 resulted in lower reactivities or selectivities. 

Aggarwal VK, Vennall GP, Davey PN, Newman C (1998) Scandium trifluoromethane-sulfonate, an efficient catalyst for the intermolecular carbonyl-ene reaction and the intramolecular cyclization of citronellal. Tetrahedron Lett 39 1997-2000... 

Undesirable intermolecular reactions can be avoided during certain synthetic conversions. Thus it is often useful to carry out C-alkylation and C-acylation of compounds that form enolate anions, for example, esters with a-hydrogens. Such reactions are often complicated by self-condensation since the enolate anion can attack the carbonyl group of a second ester molecule. Attachment of the enolizable ester to a polymer support at low loading levels allows the alkylation and acylation reactions (Eq. 9-79) to be performed under... 

Intermolecular reactions between 0-benzyl oximes and ketones (or aldehydes) are limited to those with formaldehyde O-benzyl oxime. However, intramolecular coupling proceeds with carbonyl-tethered oxime ethers (Equation (69)). 

The free-radical carbonylation of iodoalkanes in SCCO2 initiated by AIBN (0.2-0.3 equiv.) with (TMS)3SiH (1.5 equiv.) was studied for both intermolecular reactions and intramolecular reactions (Scheme 42). For example, the carbonylative addition of 1-iodooctane 304 to acrylonitrile was carried out at 80°C and 50 atm of CO in SCCO2 under a total pressure of 310 atm to give 4-oxododecanenitrile 305 in 90% yield. Also, the intramolecular carbonylation of 6-iodohexyl acrylate 306 under similar conditions afforded 11-membered macro-lide 307 in 68% yield. 

Cyclopropane formation occurs from reactions between diazo compounds and alkenes, catalyzed by a wide variety of transition-metal compounds [7-9], that involve the addition of a carbene entity to a C-C double bond. This transformation is stereospecific and generally occurs with electron-rich alkenes, including substituted olefins, dienes, and vinyl ethers, but not a,(J-unsaturated carbonyl compounds or nitriles [23,24], Relative reactivities portray a highly electrophilic intermediate and an early transition state for cyclopropanation reactions [15,25], accounting in part for the relative difficulty in controlling selectivity. For intermolecular reactions, the formation of geometrical isomers, regioisomers from reactions with dienes, and enantiomers must all be taken into account. 

Cyclic amino-carbenes, in molybdenum carbonyls, 5, 457 Cyclic bis(phosphine) dichlorides, with iron carbonyls, 6, 48 Cyclic carbenes, as gold atom ligands, 2, 289 Cyclic carbometallation, zirconium complexes, 10, 276 Cyclic carbozirconation characteristics, 10, 276 intermolecular reactions, 10, 278 intramolecular reactions, 10, 278 Cyclic dinuclear ylides, and gold , 2, 276 Cyclic 1,2-diols, intramolecular coupling to, 11, 51 Cyclic enones, diastereoselective cuprate additions, 9, 515 Cyclic esters, ring-opening polymerization, via lanthanide catalysis, 4, 145 Cyclic ethers... 

Macrocycles are often not easy to form, especially when they include many substituents. The applied procedure to synthesize macrolactones was introduced by Yamaguchi and co-workers and has since been used extensively.21 First the acid is transformed into the mixed anhydride 26. Refluxing the anhydride in toluene will yield the desired macrocycle. The attack of the alcohol at the trichlorobenzoic acid carbonyl moiety is not favored because of steric hindrance by the chlorine substituents ortho to the acid. Therefore the ring is closed selectively. Usually in macrocyclizations high dilution conditions are applied, too, in order to avoid intermolecular reactions. 

One of our initial forays into Mo(CO)6-promoted carbonylations included the investigation of intermolecular reactions using amines as nucleophiles to form secondary and tertiary aromatic amides from aryl bromides and iodides [27]. Subsequent work using the activating preligand f-Bu3PHBF4 has allowed for the extension of this chemistry into examples using aryl chlorides as substrates (Scheme 1) [30]. 

In this example the oxygen of the hydroxy group acts as an intramolecular nucleophile. Recall from Section 8.13 that intramolecular reactions are favored by entropy. Therefore, the formation of a cyclic hemiacetal has a larger equilibrium constant than a comparable intermolecular reaction. This reaction is especially important in the area of carbohydrates (sugars) because sugars contain both carbonyl and hydroxy functional... 

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