Carbonyl group Aldehydes Amides Carboxylic acid

The carbonyl group consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. It occurs in the organic compounds known as ketones, aldehydes, amides, carboxylic acids, and esters. 

The epoxide can be prepared from an alkene and the amide from a carboxylic acid. The new target. 2-ethyl-2-hexenoic acid, has a CC double bond in conjugation with the carbonyl group of the carboxylic acid. Whenever a compound with an ,/3-unsaturated carbonyl group is encountered, it is worthwhile to consider the possibility of using an aldol condensation (see Section 20.5) or a related reaction to prepare it. To examine this possibility, the aldehyde that will provide the carboxylic acid upon oxidation is disconnected at the double bond. Because both fragments produced by this disconnection are the same, it is apparent that an aldol condensation of butanal can be employed to prepare this compound. The synthesis was accomplished as shown in Figure 23.5. 

Draw the structures of the functional groups alkene, alkyne, alcohol, haloalkane, carbonyl, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amine, and amide. (Section 24.4)... 

Many compounds contain more than one functional group Prostaglandin Ei a hormone that regulates the relaxation of smooth muscles con tains two different kinds of carbonyl groups Classify each one (aldehyde ketone carboxylic acid ester amide acyl chloride or acid anhydride) Identify the most acidic proton in prostaglandin Ei and use Table 1 7 to estimate its pK ... 

Note The frequencies given for the C=0 stretching vibrations for anhydrides, acid chlorides, esters, lactones, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and amides refer to the open chain or unstrained functional group in a nonconjugated system. If the carbonyl group is conjugated with a double bond or an aromatic ring, the frequency is 30 cm less. If it is... 

Alcohols are hydrocarbon derivatives containing one or more OH groups. Ethers are formed by a condensation reaction of two molecules of alcohol. Several functional groups contain the carbonyl (C=0) group, including aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amides. Aldehydes and ketones can be produced by the oxidation of certain alcohols. Further oxidation of the aldehydes produces carboxylic acids. Carboxylic acids can form esters by a condensation reaction with alcohols, or they can form amides by a condensation reaction with amines. Esters imdergo hydrolysis (saponification) in the presence of strong bases. 

Carbonyl compounds are a broad group of compounds that includes aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amides. 

---