Carbonyl group Aldehydes Amides Carboxylic

The carbonyl group consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. It occurs in the organic compounds known as ketones, aldehydes, amides, carboxylic acids, and esters. 

The epoxide can be prepared from an alkene and the amide from a carboxylic acid. The new target. 2-ethyl-2-hexenoic acid, has a CC double bond in conjugation with the carbonyl group of the carboxylic acid. Whenever a compound with an ,/3-unsaturated carbonyl group is encountered, it is worthwhile to consider the possibility of using an aldol condensation (see Section 20.5) or a related reaction to prepare it. To examine this possibility, the aldehyde that will provide the carboxylic acid upon oxidation is disconnected at the double bond. Because both fragments produced by this disconnection are the same, it is apparent that an aldol condensation of butanal can be employed to prepare this compound. The synthesis was accomplished as shown in Figure 23.5. 

Draw the structures of the functional groups alkene, alkyne, alcohol, haloalkane, carbonyl, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amine, and amide. (Section 24.4)... 

Many compounds contain more than one functional group Prostaglandin Ei a hormone that regulates the relaxation of smooth muscles con tains two different kinds of carbonyl groups Classify each one (aldehyde ketone carboxylic acid ester amide acyl chloride or acid anhydride) Identify the most acidic proton in prostaglandin Ei and use Table 1 7 to estimate its pK ... 

The chemistry of the carbonyl group is probably the single most important aspect of organic chemical reactivity Classes of compounds that contain the carbonyl group include many derived from carboxylic acids (acyl chlorides acid anhydrides esters and amides) as well as the two related classes discussed m this chapter aldehydes and ketones... 

Dithiophosphoric acids, (RO)2PS2H, have been used for the thionation of carbonyl groups in certain aldehydes, ketones, amides, esters, thio-carboxylates and other organics.163 The mechanism for this reaction proceeds via a reversible nucleophilic attack of the thioacid on the carbonyl compound, which can then rearrange by way of a four-membered PSCO cyclic intermediate into the desired C=S containing molecule and thiophosphoric acid (Equation 81).163... 

Examples of the so-called chaperon effect involving interaction between the electrophile and an appropriate substituent at the a-position in an alkyl chain prior to ring substitution at the ortAo-position have been explored in nitrations involving dilute solutions of nitric acid in dichloromethane. Aldehydic or ketonic carbonyl groups are most effective, but carboxyl, alkoxycarboxyl, and amide groups also work well. l-Phenylpropan-2-one, for example, forms 85% of l-(2-nitrophenyl)propan-2-one (5). 

Electronically excited carbonyl chromophores in ketones, aldehydes, amides, imides, or electron-deficient aromatic compounds may act as electron acceptors (A) versus alkenes, amines, carboxylates, carboxamides, and thioethers (D, donors). In addition, PET processes can also occur from aromatic rings with electron-donating groups to chloroacetamides. These reactions can be versatile procedures for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds with six-membered (or larger) rings [2],... 

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