Carbonization degradation

It was expected that an eggshell thickness of scale would form, but that it would be relatively soft and easily removed (despite normally containing some silicate and sulfate). However, a disadvantage of this method of internal control was that the carbonate degraded to form carbon dioxide, and at higher pressures the rate of breakdown was so great that the necessary carbonate reserve required to prevent sulfate scale often could not be maintained. (Never mind the danger to the steam and condensate lines from the production of carbon dioxide and ultimately carbonic acid.)... 

Cr(VI).Other remediation processes for Cr(VI) contaminated soils include H2S injection, aqueous Fe(II) injection, and the use of reduced Fe solids. Aqueous-phase Cr(VI)-Fe(II) redox reactions may be significant if Fe2+ concentrations are in equilibrium with relatively soluble, ferric hydroxide-like phases (Tokunaga et al., 2003). The overall interactions involving microbial activity, organic carbon degradation, Fe2+, and mineral surfaces control the net rates of Cr(VI) reactions in soils. 

Usually, amides 7 are prepared from acids 6 and amines. C. Gtirtler of Bayer MaterialScience AG in Leverkusen reports (Tetrahedron Lett. 2004,45, 2515) the develop of catalysts for the alternative condensation of an acid 6 with an isocyanate 4. It is particularly exciting that isocyanates are intermediates in the one-carbon degradation of an acid 3 to the corresponding amine. Current practice, if the protected amine were desired, is that the intermediate isocyanate 4 would be trapped with an alcohol, leading to the urethane 5. This newly-reported observation offers the alternative of ending with the amide 7, or perhaps with the sulfonamide 9. 

On the other hand, polypropylene carbonate) degradation rim in the presence of catalysts containing zinc alcoholate species resulted in the formation of degraded copolymer chains terminated with zinc carbonate species [scheme (31)] [147] ... 

Cai W.-J., Reimers C. E., and Shaw T. (1995) Microelectrode studies of organic carbon degradation and calcite dissolution at a Cahfornia continental rise site. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 497-511. 

Martin W. R., Bender M., Leinen M., and Orchardo J. (1991) Benthic organic carbon degradation and biogenic silica dissolution in the central equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. 38, 1481-1516. 

Problem 35.8 What products would be expected if (+)-lactose were subjected to two successive one-carbon degradations followed by acidic hydrolysis ... 

Organic carbon degradation and oxidation creates GO2, which is dissolved in seawater. This increases DIG but does not change the alkalinity of the water. Alkalinity is a measure of charged species ... 

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