Carbon tetrachloride, interaction with

Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Carbon Tetrachloride INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICAES POPUEATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUAEEY SUSCEPTIBEE METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS... 

Cunnane SC. 1987. Hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation induced by ethanol and carbon tetrachloride interactions with essential fatty acids and prostaglandins. Alcoholism Clin Exp Res 11 25-31. 

The proposed hydride formation is conlirmed by the results of interaction with carbon tetrachloride. Reaction with CCI4 (equation 12.8) is a generally accepted test for metal-hydrogen (M-H) bonds (25). 

SAN resins show considerable resistance to solvents and are insoluble in carbon tetrachloride, ethyl alcohol, gasoline, and hydrocarbon solvents. They are swelled by solvents such as ben2ene, ether, and toluene. Polar solvents such as acetone, chloroform, dioxane, methyl ethyl ketone, and pyridine will dissolve SAN (14). The interactions of various solvents and SAN copolymers containing up to 52% acrylonitrile have been studied along with their thermodynamic parameters, ie, the second virial coefficient, free-energy parameter, expansion factor, and intrinsic viscosity (15). 

The procedure of simultaneous extracting-spectrophotometric determination of nitrophenols in wastewater is proposed on the example of the analysis of mixtures of mono-, di-, and trinitrophenols. The procedure consists of extraction concentrating in an acid medium, and sequential back-extractions under various pH. Such procedures give possibility for isolation o-, m-, p-nitrophenols, a-, P-, y-dinitrophenols and trinitrophenol in separate groups. Simultaneous determination is carried out by summary light-absorption of nitrophenol-ions. The error of determination concentrations on maximum contaminant level in natural waters doesn t exceed 10%. The peculiarities of application of the sequential extractions under fixed pH were studied on the example of mixture of simplest phenols (phenol, o-, m-, />-cresols). The procedure of their determination is based on the extraction to carbon tetrachloride, subsequent back-extraction and spectrophotometric measurement of interaction products with diazo-p-nitroaniline. 

Katz et al. tested the theory further and measured the distribution coefficient of n-pentanol between mixtures of carbon tetrachloride and toluene and pure water and mixtures of n-heptane and n-chloroheptane and pure water. The results they obtained are shown in Figure 17. The linear relationship between the distribution coefficient and the volume fraction of the respective solvent was again confirmed. It is seen that the distribution coefficient of -pentanol between water and pure carbon tetrachloride is about 2.2 and that an equivalent value for the distribution coefficient of n-pentanol was obtained between water and a mixture containing 82%v/v chloroheptane and 18%v/v of n-heptane. The experiment with toluene was repeated using a mixture of 82 %v/v chloroheptane and 18% n-heptane mixture in place of carbon tetrachloride which was, in fact, a ternary mixture comprising of toluene, chloroheptane and n-heptane. The chloroheptane and n-heptane was always in the ratio of 82/18 by volume to simulate the interactive character of carbon tetrachloride. 

Jurkiewicz A, Maciel GE. 1995. Solid state C NMR studies of the interaction of acetone, carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene with soil components. Sci Total Environ 164 195-202. 

The addition of trichloro- ortetrachloroethylene to aluminium components in dry cleaning equipments is responsible for many accidents. The effect of the carbon tetrachloride/methanol mixture in the 1/9 proportion of aluminium, magnesium or zinc causes the dissolution of these metals, whose exothermicity makes the interaction dangerous. There is a period of induction with zinc, which is cancelled out when copper dichloride, mercury dichloride or chromium tribromide is present. 

The preservative powers of salt stem from its chemistry and its interaction with water. The H2O molecule is a tetrahedral structure. It does not look like a tetrahedron because two of the positions are occupied not by atoms but by electron pairs. Another molecule with a tetrahedral structure is carbon tetrachloride. The difference between the structures of the two molecules is that carbon tetrachloride has no unbonded electron pairs (Figure 8.1). 

Interaction of ethylene and carbon tetrachloride at elevated temperatures and pressures, initiated with benzoyl peroxide as radical source, caused violent explosions on several occasions. Recommended precautions include use of minimum pressure and quantity of initiator, maximum agitation, and presence of water as an inert moderator of high specific heat. 

Interaction with the oxide in carbon tetrachloride is vigorous, producing sparks. 

Chlordane interacts with other chemicals to produce additive or more-than-additive toxicity. For example, chlordane increased hepatotoxic effects of carbon tetrachloride in the rat (USEPA 1980 WHO 1984), and in combination with dimethylnitrosamine acts more than additively in producing liver neoplasms in mice (Williams and Numoto 1984). Chlordane in combination with either endrin, methoxychlor, or aldrin is additive or more-than-additive in toxicity to mice (Klaassen et al. 1986). Protein deficiency doubles the acute toxicity of chlordane to rats (WHO 1984). In contrast, chlordane exerts a protective effect against several organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides (WHO 1984), protects mouse embryos against influenza virus infection, and mouse newborns against oxazolone delayed hypersensitivity response (Barnett et al. 1985). More research seems warranted on interactions of chlordane with other agricultural chemicals. 

No other studies of interactions of hexachloroethane with other chemicals were identified in the published literature. However, the primary metabolites of hexachloroethane (tetrachloroethene and pentachloroethane) are themselves toxic and would be expected to exacerbate hexachloroethane toxicity if they were present in a mixture with hexachloroethane. Concurrent carbon tetrachloride exposure would also be expected to exacerbate hexachloroethane toxicity. Both hexachloroethane and carbon tetrachloride are processed by microsomes to generate free radicals, and carbon tetrachloride also forms endogenous hexachloroethane in the liver (Fowler 1969a). 

As discussed by Wayner et al. [76], acetonitrile and ethyl acetate are strong Lewis bases, acting as proton acceptors from phenol. The hydrogen bond between PhOH and the solvent makes Aso v//° (PhOH) more negative than ASO V/7°(PhO). The remaining solvents included in figure 5.2 (benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and isooctane) are weaker Lewis bases and their interactions with PhOH and PhO are more similar. 

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