Carbon sequestration factors

However, biomass plants appear earlier than coal and more biomass plants are built, because they are smaller and can become central supplies at smaller market penetration. It is important to note that the delivered cost of hydrogen from coal, biomass and natural gas central plants are typically quite close (within 0.5/kg). Thus, the choice of a feedstock may be determined by other factors, such as state policies favouring renewables and the availability of carbon-sequestration sites. 

A number of environmental implications are involved in the widespread use of coal conversion. These include strip mining, water consumption in arid regions, lower overall energy conversion compared to direct coal combustion, and increased output of atmospheric carbon dioxide. These plus economic factors have prevented coal conversion from being practiced on a very large scale. However, coal conversion does enable relatively facile carbon sequestration (see Section 17.11), which could enable much more sustainable coal utilization. 

By 2050 total energy demand may have increased by a factor of 2 or 3 from today s. So, in order to meet such a condition, carbon-fiee energy supply would have to have grown by a factor of nearly 15. In that time-span the only sources of carbon free energy are renewables, such as solar biomass and wind, sequestration (exclusion of C02 from the atmosphere) and nuclear fission. There is considerable debate, but no conclusion, how fat and how fast renewables might grow, but clearly, if economic and acceptable, here is a major potential opening for nuclear power. 

Despite the amounts of Mg and Ca sources being vast, as mineral carbonation research continues to expand, then the need for a detailed worldwide evaluation of the amounts of suitable mineral deposits becomes more important [16]. A recently conducted evaluation of mineral reserves in the United States concluded that mineral resources are unlikely to be a limiting factor when industrial-scale mineral sequestration is considered [77]. It was estimated that there is enough... 

The availability of nitrogen in the euphotic zone is an important, potentially limiting factor for productivity and the biological sequestration of carbon in the ocean. There are three principal routes by which new nitrogen makes its way into the euphotic zone of the Atlantic Ocean Physical transport of nitrate, nitrogen fixation by diazotrophic organisms, and aeolian transport and deposition. 

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