Carbon photoelectrochemical reduction

Taniguchi, I. Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide 20... 

Benniston AC, Haniman A (2008) Artificial photosynthesis. Materials Today 11 26-34 Inoue T, Fujishima A, Konishi S, Honda K (1979) Photoelectrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide in aqueous suspensions of semiconductor powders. Nature 277 637-638 Halmann M (1978) Photoelectrochemical reduction of aqueous carbon dioxide on p-type gallium phosphide in liquid junction solar cells. Nature 275 115-116 Heminger JC, Carr R, Somorjai GA (1987) The photoassisted reaction of gaseous water and carbon dioxide adsorbed on the SrH03 (111) crystal face to form methane. Chem Phys Lett 57 100-104... 

Taniguchi, L, Electrochemical and photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide, in Modem Aspects of Electrochemistry, J. Bockris et al., Eds., Vol. 20, Kluwer, New York, 1989, p. 327. 

M. Halmann. Photoelectrochemical reduction of aqueous carbon dioxide on p-type gallium phosphide in liquid junction solar cells. Nature. 1978, 275(5676) 115-116. 

Recently, results of careful experiments were reported by Ito et a/.101 They claimed that formic acid, formaldehyde, and methanol, which had been previously reported as photoelectrochemical reduction products of carbon dioxide, were observed also by photolysis of cell materials, such as electrolytes, including 15-crown-5 ether, and epoxy resin, which has often been used as the molding material of semiconductor electrodes in aqueous solutions. Previously reported reduction products were obtained also under nitrogen with (Table 4) and without (Table 5) a p-GaP photocathode under illumination. These precise experiments under improved conditions, where no photolytic products were observed, gave the result that the main reduction product of carbon dioxide at a p-GaP photocathode in aqueous electrolytes was formic acid. Thus, many kinds of products reported in previous papers83,97,100 were suggested to be due to photolysis of cell materials. 

The results of Ito et a/.101 indicate that careful experiments including enough blank experiments are necessary in studies of photoelectrochemical reduction products of carbon dioxide because, unfortunately, the products observed to date are in very low concentrations. Purification of the carbon dioxide gas itself should also be considered, expecially in experiments in which a continuous flow of C02 gas is used. Accumulation of organics which are present as impurities in C02 gas is often observed. Purification methods for C02 gas used are given in some papers,95"97,102 but establishment of a common recommended method would be helpful. Also, it may be advisable to reexamine earlier work on C02 reduction to exclude meaningless results. In future experiments, the use of labeled 13C02 is to be recommended. 

In photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide, organic solvents and their mixtures with water have also been used. The use of organic solvents has the advantages103 that (1) competitive hydrogen formation can be suppressed and (2) the increased solubility of C02 in nonaqueous solutions28 30 has similar effects to the use of higher C02 pressures. 

Since this review has focused on photoelectrochemical conversions of organic compounds, it has neglected the redox reactions of simple inorganic materials like nitrogen, water, and carbon dioxide, species which have a rich photoelectrochemical history. Recent progress made with photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction signals the possibility that in the future organic feedstocks may derive from aldehydes and alcohols produced by photoelectrochemical reductions. 

Fig. 15.16. Current efficiencies for reduction of C02 to formic acid in an 0.1 M Li2COg solution at 25 1 °C at various electrodes. 1, In 2, Sn (previously anodized), 3, Sn 4, Zn 5, Pb and 6, Cd. (Reprinted with permission from I. Taniguchi, Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide, in Modem Aspects of Electrochemistry, J. O M. Bockris, R. White and B. E. Conway, eds., No. 20, Fig. 1, p. 329, Plenum, 1989.)...

Ikeda S, Yamamoto A, Noda H, Maeda M, Ito K. Influence of surface treatment of the p-GaP photocathode on the photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 1993 66 2473-7. 

PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION OF CARBON PIQXIDEFUSING SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRODES. Several different strategies for carbon dioxide reduction on semiconductors electrodes have been used to produce CO, formic acid, or even methanol (lA) These include ... 

Several etching procedures were attempted for p-CdTe for the photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide. Etching with dilute thiosulfite or bromine in methanol did not result in better photocurrent-potential relationship. Hence, it was concluded that etching with aqua regia followed by rinsing with water is the best surface treatment for the photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide. All the impedance results described below were recorded using this surface in contact with electrolyte. 

Zhang XV, Martin ST, Friend CM, Schoonen MAA, Holland HD Mineral-assisted pathways in prebiotic synthesis Photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon(+IV) by manganese sulfide. J Am Chem Soc 2004, 126(36) 11247— 11253. 

Bockris, J.O.M. (1989). Modern aspects electrochemistry. Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide. Plenum Press, New York. 

Cole EB, Bocarsly AB (2010) Photochemical, electrochemical, and photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide, in carbon dioxide as chemical feedstock. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA, Weinheim, p 291-316... 

Gu J, Wuttig A, Krizan JW, Hu Y, Detweller ZM, Cava RJ, Bocarsly A (2013) Mg-doped CuFe02 photocatalysts for photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide. J Phys Chem 117 12415-12422... 

Zafrir M, Ulman M, Zuckerman Y, Halmann M (1983) Photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid, formaldehyde and methanol on p-gallium arsenide in an aqueous V(II)-V(III) chloride redox system. J Electroanal Chem 159 373-389... 

Flaisher H, Tenne R, Hahnann M (1996) Photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions on p-GaP electrodes an a.c. impedance study with phase-sensitive detection. J Electroanal Chem 402(l-2) 97-105... 

Aurian-Blajeni B, Taniguchi I, Bockris JOM (1983) Photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide using polyaniline-coated silicon. J Electroanal Chem Interf Electrochem 149 291-293 Ogura K, Yoshida I (1987) Electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol. VI. Use of a solar cell and comparison with that of carbon monoxide. Electrochim Acta 32 1191-1195... 

Electrochemical Behavior of Titanium Electrochemical Investigations of the Interfacial Behavior of Proteins Electrochemical Mechanisms and the Control of Biological Growth Processes Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Electrochemical Processes at Biological Interfaces... 

---