Carbon peapods

FIGURE 1.8 TheFullereneCgo, a Fullerene Compound, a Carbon Nanotube, Graphene, a Carbon Peapod, and a Polyyne "Wire" Connecting Platinum Atoms. 

Very interesting supramolecular structures are known as carbon peapods, and consist of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) filled with fullerenes. After their first detection via high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) as a side product in the production of carbon nanotubes, different methodologies have been developed to produce such new carbon allotropes. The harsh conditions previously used (such as high temperatures, low pressures, and acidic medias) have been later overcome by mild condition experiments that exploited not completely understood mechanisms of nano-condensation and nanoextraction. ... 

The stmctures and energetics of several typ>es of aU-carbon peapods made by Cso encapsulated inside SWNTs were calculated, and the interactions between the SWNTs and the Cso molecules revealed a minimal diameter of SWNTs for exothermic encapsulation of 11.74A and a radial deformation of the Cso cage as a linear function of the diameter of SWNTs. ... 

Very recently author of this review successfully hydrogenated fullerenes inside of single walled carbon nanotubes (so called peapods). Evidence of hydrogenation was provided by NMR studies and Raman spectroscopy (Abou-Hamad et al. 2009). 

So far, direct evidence of C60 hydrogenation inside of nanotubes from HRTEM imaging is absent. It is required as a decisive demonstration of possibility for hydrogen to penetrate inside of peapods but could possibly be challenging experimentally. Chemical reaction within nanospace of carbon nanotubes is possibly only first example of interesting nanoscale chemistry and fullerene hydrogenation in other exotic environments will possibly be successfully demonstrated in future. It is quite likely that hydrogenation in confined space results in formation of fulleranes with different molecular structures. 

From the structural studies given in this article, it is evident that the charge density study by the MEM/Rietveld method using SR powder diffraction data is powerful for determination of the endohedral nature of metallofullerenes. There is no doubt the structural information provided greatly contributes to progress in research of endofullerenes as well as endofullerene peapod, which is the met-allofullerene-encapsulating carbon nanotube. 

NEW ALLOTROPES OF CARBON GRAPHITE INTERCALATION COMPOUNDS, FULLERENES, FULLEROIDS, CARBON NANOTUBES, PEAPODS, AND GRAPHENE... 

EMFs Inside Carbon Nanotubes - Nano Peapods ... 

Incorporation of small molecules into the hollow cavities of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) generates a new class of hybrid materials, which show potential applications ranging from nano-size containers for chemical reactions or for drug delivery to data storage and possibly high-temperature superconductors [181]. Because of their unique structure, such materials are called nano peapods [182]. 

Vostrowsky, O. and Hirsch, A. (2004) Molecular peapods as supramolecular carbon allotropes. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 43, 2326-2329. 

Kavan, L. Dunsch, L. Kataura, H. Electrochemical tuning of electronic structure of carbon nanotubes and fullerene peapods. Carbon 2004, 42, 1011-1019. 

A special host- est geometry is realized in the so-caUed peapods. These are single-waUed carbon nanotubes with fuUerenes enclosed in their irmer void so they are arranged tike peas in their pod (also refer to Section 3.5.6). The embedded fuUerenes can be > as well as higher homologs. These may themselves contain endohedral guests, which turns peapod-formation reaUy into a super-supramo-... 

Fullerenes—or cage compounds built exclusively from carbon atoms—and their metal-containing derivatives, metaUofuUerenes, were first observed in the gas phase by Kroto et al. [1,2] less than 20 years ago and prepared in crystalline form by Kratschmer et al. [3] less than 15 years ago. StiU, an enormous amount of observed and computed data has been obtained during this time (see, e.g. recent surveys on fullerenes [4-8] and endohedral metallofullerenes [9,10]). In addition to spheroidal fullerene cages, fullerene science also deals with other objects like elongated cylindrical bodies known as nanotubes, prepared by lijima [11] soon after mastering the fullerene synthesis, nanocones [12] or peapods [13]. AU the species exhibit a substantial application potential, especially for molecular electronics [14]. 

Launois, R, Chorro, M., Verberck, B. et al. 2010. Transformation of C70 peapods into double walled carbon nano tubes. Carbon 48 89-98. 

Chan et al [52] 2011 Utilizing DonneU shell equilibrium equation and also Euler-Ber-nouUi beam equation incorporating curvature effect Various chairality — — Investigating pre and post-buckling behavior of MWCNTs and multi-walled carbon nano peapods considering vdW interactions between the adjacent walls of the CNTs and the interactions between the fullerenes and the inner wall of the nanotube... 

Kalbac, M., Kavan, L., Zukalova, M., and Dunsch, L. (2007) The in situ Raman spectroelectrochemical study of 13C labeled fullerene peapods and double walled carbon nanotubes. Small, 3, 1746-1752. 

L. (2005) Redox doping of double-wall carbon nanotubes and C60 peapods. FuUerenes Nanotubes Carbon Nanos-truct, 13, 115-119. 

Rg. 1.8 Schematic diagrams of (a) a single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT), (b) a multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT), (c) a double-wall carbon nanotube (DWNT), and (d) a peapod nanotube consisting of an SWNT filled with fuUerenes (e.g., C ) (Reprinted with permission firom Dresselhaus et al. 2003, Copyright 2003 Elsevier)... 

Raman spectra have been reported for thick bundles of carbon SWNTs and compared to data for isolated SWNTs. Some interlayer interaction effects were observed. In situ Raman spectroelectrochemical studies of carbon SWNTs revealed reversible changes in both radial breathing and tangential modes with applied potential. Vibrational bands due to C70 molecules were observed in the Raman spectra of carbon SWNT s with encapsulated C70 molecules ( peapods ). ... 

It was shown how both endohedral and exohedral fullerenes can be inserted in nanotubes. In the peapods containing endohedral fullerenes (for instance Ce Cg2), HRTEM images showed interesting rotation and translation motion of the trapped spheroids. Exohedral metallofullerenes, CsC io have been synthesized and successfully encapsulated into SWCNTs via a new chemical reduction of Cgo molecules into anions. The addition of iodine to already prepared peapods allowed the coalescence of Cgo directly inside the nanotubes. Indeed, after heating at 550 C, iodine-doped peapods, inside the Cgo molecules molecules have been transformed in a tubular structure. Khlobystov et al. were able to perform reactions on the inner surface of carbon nanotubes in the presence of catalyti-cally active atoms of rhenium and monitor the whole process via HRTEM. ... 

Other carbon nanoparticles may also present interesting tribological properties nanohorns [122], peapods (nanotubes filled with Ceo) [123] and C70. Furthermore, the study of their tribological properties may also lead to a better understanding of the lubrication mechanism of carbon nanotubes and carbon onions. 

Launois, R, Chorro, M., Verberck, B., Albouy, R-A., Rouziere, S., Colson, D., Foget, A., Noe, L., Kataura, H., Monthioux, M., ScCambedouzou, J. (2010). Transformation of C70 peapods into double walled carbon nanotubes. Carbon, 48, 89-98. 

Immobilization of small proteins in MWNTs with 3.0-5.0nm in inner tube diameters was first observed with HRTEM in 1995 as mentioned in Sect. 2.4 [164,165]. CNTs were non-covalently hybridized with fuUerenes to provide fullerene peapods in 1998 [49,224], This novel nanomaterial attracted considerable attention because of the great possibility for tuning the electronic structures of CNTs and shielding the encapsulated molecules by the carbon cage [222],... 

Atomic-resolution three-dimensional force and damping maps of carbon nanotube peapods. Nanotechnology, 20, 264001. 

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