Carbon graphite intercalation compounds

NEW ALLOTROPES OF CARBON GRAPHITE INTERCALATION COMPOUNDS, FULLERENES, FULLEROIDS, CARBON NANOTUBES, PEAPODS, AND GRAPHENE... 

The first lithiated graphitic carbons (lithium-graphite intercalation compounds, abbreviated as Li-GIC s),... 

Dining interaction at ambient temperature in a bomb to produce poly (carbon monofluoride), admission of fluorine beyond a pressure of 13.6 bar must be extremely slow and carefully controlled to avoid a violently exothermic explosion [1], Previously it had been shown that explosive interaction of carbon and fluorine was due to the formation and decomposition of the graphite intercalation compound, poly (carbon monofluoride) [2], Presence of mercury compounds prevents explosion during interaction of charcoal and fluorine [3], Reaction of surplus fluorine with graphite or carbon pellets was formerly used as a disposal method, but is no longer recommended. Violent reactions observed when an exhausted trap was opened usually involved external impact on the metal trap, prodding the trap contents to empty the trap, or possibly ingress of moist air... 

New simple methods for synthesis of carbon-carbon, as well as carbon-carbon-Ti02 composites and carbon nanoscrolls were proposed making use of readily available graphite intercalation compounds. 

Graphite intercalation compounds are prospective precursors of the new carbon materials, which are in high demand by the market today. 

Combined with appropriate amorphous carbon precursors graphite intercalation compounds could be used in one-stage process of production of carbon-carbon composites, which could possess attractive properties for such applications as supercapacitors elements, sorbents as well as catalyst supports and materials for energy- and gas-storage systems. 

During interaction at ambient temperature in a bomb to produce poly(carbon monofluoride), admission of fluorine beyond a pressure of 13.6 bar must be extremely slow and carefully controlled to avoid a violently exothermic explosion [ 1 ]. Previously it had been shown that explosive interaction of carbon and fluorine was due to the formation and decomposition of the graphite intercalation compound, poly(carbon monofluoride)... 

Research in graphite intercalates has paved the way for significant current interest in intercalation compounds of the fullerenes (Box 7.1) and carbon nanotubes, which represent wrapped up versions of graphite sheets. Graphite intercalation compounds have been prepared with intercalated fullerenes and nanotubes. We will return to carbon nanotube chemistry in Chapter 15. 

Nalimova, V. A., D. Guerard, M. Lelaurain, and O. V. Festeev. 1995. X-ray investigation of highly saturated Li-graphite intercalation compound. Carbon 33 177-181. 

B. Halogenation in Presence of Activated Carbon and Graphite Intercalation Compounds (GIC)... 

The reaction of various carbonaceous materials with steam to yield CO, CO2, and H2 has been intensively studied. Of special interest has been the catalysis of this reaction by various alkali metal containing compounds, most notably potassium carbonate (32-37). Various mechanisms have been proposed, some including alkali metal atoms (37) or even graphite intercalation compounds (38) as intermediates. 

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