Carbon monoxide-water reaction

Having greater resemblance to natural fatty acids are the products of the coordination-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of olefins with water and carbon monoxide (Reppe reaction) [58] ... 

The photochemistry of the polluted atmosphere is exceedingly complex. Even if one considers only a single hydrocarbon pollutant, with typical concentrations of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, water vapor, and other trace components of air, several hundred chemical reactions are involved in a realistic assessment of the chemical evolution of such a system. The actual urban atmosphere contains not just one but hundreds of different hydrocarbons, each with its own reactivity and oxidation products. 

What is the initial source of the free radicals that are so important for oxidant development Calvert and McC igg attempted to answer this question by evaluating the many proposed reactions with their detailed chemical model. Although the actual importance of any particular source will depend on the concentration of pollutants assumed and the time of irradiation they found for a typical mixture (nitric oxide nitrogen dioxide rra/is-2-butene, formaldehyde acetaldehyde carbon monoxide water and methane) that the following reactions were the most important radical sources ... 

III) Fizz zone The major fractions of nitrogen dioxide and the aldehydes and other C,H,0 and HC species react to produce nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, water, hydrogen, and carbonaceous materials. This reaction process occurs very rapidly in the early stages of the gas-phase reaction zone, just above the burning surface. 

The plausible deoxygenation routes for production of diesel like hydrocarbons from fatty acids and their derivates are decarboxylation, decarbonylation, hydrogenation and decarbonylation/hydrogenation. The main focus in this study is put on liquid phase decarboxylation and decarbonylation reactions, as depicted in Figure 1. Decarboxylation is carried out via direct removal of the carboxyl group yielding carbon dioxide and a linear paraffinic hydrocarbon, while the decarbonylation reaction yields carbon monoxide, water and a linear olefinic hydrocarbon. 

High Temperature Reaction. Reaction in the high temperature regime produces carbon monoxide, water, methane, formaldehyde, and methanol (8) the two higher ketones also form ethylene (I). The intermediate responsible for chain branching appears to be formaldehyde. The concentration of formaldehyde and the rate of reaction run parallel over the whole of the reaction, as shown in Figure 4 for diethyl ketone. 

Low Temperature Reaction. Reaction in the low temperature regime below 320°C. is of a different character. The products include carbon dioxide and significant quantities of peroxy compounds, as well as carbon monoxide, water, formaldehyde, and methanol, but methane and ethylene are formed only in traces. The peroxy compounds comprise hydrogen peroxide from all three ketones, methyl hydroperoxide from acetone (8) and methyl ethyl ketone (I), and ethyl hydroperoxide from diethyl ketone (1). Methyl ethyl ketone also gives large amounts of peracetic acid (1). 

Nickel carbonyl is the more widely known catalyst for the carboxylation reaction dicobalt octacarbonyl has the disadvantage of giving side reactions (15). Dicobalt octacarbonyl has been used in the presence of tributyl phosphine for the reaction of ethylene, carbon monoxide, water, and ethanol. Besides ethyl acetate, acetaldehyde and diethyl ketone were found (136). Hydrogen has been found to increase the rate of reaction (78), presumably by the formation of cobalt hydrocarbonyl. However, this can lead to the formation of aldehydes, as in the reaction of acetyl bromide when an 89.4% yield of aldehyde was obtained in spite of the presence of water (95). 

As shown in Figure 5.4 and Figure 5.17 and as described for each of the major processes that produce synthesis gas, the Water Gas Shift Conversion or the Carbon Monoxide Shift reaction is one of the traditional purification steps that will still be found in many ammonia plants. The CO must be removed because it acts as a poison to the catalyst that is used in ammonia synthesis. 

A major objective of the work employing infrared spectroscopy is the identification of the species involved in the reactions that gold is adept at catalysing ((selective) oxidation of carbon monoxide, water-gas shift, etc.),... 

The chemical transformation of Ru-complexes in faujasite-type zeolites in the presence of water and of carbon monoxide-water mixtures is reviewed and further investigated by IR, UV-VIS spectroscopic and volumetric techniques. The catalytic activity of these materials in the watergasshift reaction was followed in a parallel way. The major observations could be rationalized in terms of a catalytic cycle involving Ru(I)bis and triscarbonyl intermediates stabilized in the supercages of the faujasite-type zeolite. The turnover frequency of this cycle is found to be determined by the nature, number and position of the charge compensating cations, as well as by the nature of the ligands present in the Ru-coordination sphere. 

Carbon monoxide/water reduces Pt02 to nanoparticles based on the water gas shift reaction providing electrons as is seen from equation (3). ... 

The flame decompositions of 2-hydroxyethyl nitrate, 2-methoxyethyl nitrate and 2-ethoxyethyl nitrate have been studied using a flat flame burner [135]. The major products of very rapid reaction in the flame front are nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, water, formaldehyde, methyl formate, methanol and a large amount of unidentified material. The absence of 2-methoxyethanol and of nitrogen dioxide, and presence of only minor amounts of dimethyl ether is of some importance. 

The reaction can also lead to the formation of carbon monoxide, water and acetic acid ... 

Convenient one-pot syntheses of iV-substituted selenoamides from nitriles, metallic selenium, carbon monoxide, water and amines have been developed on the basis of an amino group exchange reaction between the IV-unsubstituted selenoamides formed in situ and the primary or secondary amines. Aromatic or aliphatic, and IV-mono- or IVA -di-substituted selenoamides can be obtained in good yields by this method (Scheme 27). 

The proportions of the two reforming reactions and shift conversion are so controlled that the gas mixture obtained contains nitrogen and hydrogen in the mole ratio (volume ratio) of 1 3. However, this mixture still contains 20-30% carbon dioxide resulting from the shift conversion reaction and traces of unconverted carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide can yield carbonates and carbamates in the ammonia synthesis cycle, which are undesirable because they can deposit in the piping. In addition oxygen, and any of its compounds such as carbon monoxide, water, etc., are also ammonia catalyst poisons [13]. Consequently they must be removed. 

Since methanol is a direct reaction product of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, it is theoretically possible by using an excess of carbon monoxide in the original water gas mixture to form first methanol and then acetic acid or ester in one operation. With this end in view, catalysts composed of metals or their compounds, i.e. of nickel, chromium, cobalt, copper, cadmium, or manganese, have been patented.1"4 Catalysts similar to those proposed for the carbon monoxide-methanol reaction and comprising the oxides of copper, tin, lead, the acetate of copper, or tire methylates of aluminum or tin, or mixtures have been claimed for the same reaction at pressures of 150 to 200 atmospheres and at about 300° C.1 4e... 

We have measured sound velocities of various supercritical fluid systems. An attempt to carry forward such measurements on higher temperature isotherms of formic acid was frustrated by chemical reaction toward products that may include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water, hydrogen and differentiated solid-like products at even higher temperatures and pressures. Nonetheless, the diamond anvil cell provides a unique opportunity to study the chemistry and kinetics of fluids under extreme conditions. We also find that CH2O2 is present during the detonation of some common explosives. 

Activation of Carbon Monoxide, Water, and Alcohols on Metal Carbonyl Clusters. Homogeneous and Surface-mediated Reactions... 

The condensed phase is heated by an ignition source or by thermal feedback of radiant heat from the gas phase oxidation reactions. Thermolytic cleavage of the polymer supplies combustible and noncombustible gaseous products to the gas phase combustion zone. These products react with oxygen and release heat during the production of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water, and soot. 

Carbon monoxide/water was used to reduce Pt02 to colloidal platinum [51] in a reaction which effectively uses the water gas shift reaction to provide the redudng equivalents of electrons (Eqn. 6.3). 

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