Carbon monoxide, synthesis

Fischer-Tropsch reaction The catalytic reaction of hydrogen and carbon monoxide (synthesis gas ) to produce high-molecular weight hydrocarbons. 

Methane. The largest use of methane is for synthesis gas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Synthesis gas, in turn, is the primary feed for the production of ammonia (qv) and methanol (qv). Synthesis gas is produced by steam reforming of methane over a nickel catalyst. 

A two-step-reaction sequence describes the methanol synthesis. In the first step, steam reforming, a packed bed reactor (reformer) converts methane into a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide (synthesis gas), according to Equation 3.5.1. Then, in the second step, a second packed-bed reactor (converter) converts the synthesis gas into methanol, as shown by Equation 3.5.2. 

Direct oxidation of methane (natural gas) with tonnage oxygen of about 95 per cent purity is assuming increasing importance in connection with the production of hydrogen-carbon monoxide synthesis gas, raw material for the American modified Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of liquid fuels and chemicals. ... 

C. Narayana and M. Periasamy, Organic Synthesis via Carbonylation of Organometallic Reagents with Carbon Monoxide, Synthesis, 1985, 253. 

Synthesis gas or shortly syngas is a term used for a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Synthesis gas is an important building block for a number of petrochemicals as well as an important feedstock for liquid fuels via the Fischer Tropsch route or as reducing gas for iron ore reduction (Fig. 1). 

Jiang, Z. Sen, A. PaUadium(II)-catalyzed isospecific alternating copolymerization of aliphatic a-olefins with carbon monoxide and isospecific alternating coohgomerization of 1,2-disubstituted olefin with carbon monoxide. Synthesis of novel, optically active, isotactic 1,4- and 1,5-polyketones. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995,117,4455 67. 

The Fischer-Tropsch process was developed by F. Fischer and H. Tropsch in 1921 to produce clean alternative fuel from coal, natural gas, and low-grade refinery products for use in automobile and diesel engines. The process entails the synthesis of hydrocarbons and other aliphatic compounds, such as alcohols, from a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide (synthesis gas, or syngas). The following equation illustrates the chemical reactions involved in the process ... 

Table 4. Catalytic deoxygenation of aromatic nitro compounds with carbon monoxide. Synthesis of isocyanates.

Hydrogen/carbon monoxide synthesis gas production by either steam gas reforming or by partial oxidation of hydrocarbons. Steam reforming of... 

J61 5 Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide Synthesis Gases... 

Presently the number of industrial processes using metal complex catalysts is continuously increasing. They include such classical large-tonnage processes as polymerization on the Ziegler catalysts, olefin oxidation by molecular oxygen to aldehydes, hydroformylation of saturated compounds, preparation of acetic acid from methanol and carbon monoxide, synthesis of adiponitrile fijom butadiene, and others. 

Full reviews of the early work are given by Robert Anderson and H. H. Storch. The synthesis of Itydrocarbons from hydrogen and carbon monoxide synthesis gas by Fischer, Tropsch, and their associates became known as the Fischer-Tropsch process. This has been used and developed extensively since 1955 by Sasol, in South Africa, where it is still known as the Synthol process. 

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