Carbon monoxide petroleum refining

At present, most commercial hydrogen is obtained as a by-product of petroleum refining in a sequence of two catalyzed reactions. The first is a re-forming reaction, in which a hydrocarbon and steam are converted into carbon monoxide and hydrogen over a nickel catalyst ... 

Methane, also referred to as marsh gas, is a gas composed of carbon and hydrogen with a chemical formula of CH4. It is the first member of the paraffin or alkane series of hydrocarbons. It is lighter than air, colorless, odorless, tasteless and is flammable. It occurs in natural gas and as a by-product of petroleum refining. In atmospheric burning no smoke production normally occurs. In air methane bums with a pale, faintly luminous flame. With excess air carbon dioxide and water vapor is formed during combustion, with an air deficiency carbon monoxide and water is formed. It forms an explosive mixture with air over a moderate range. Its primary uses are as a fuel and raw feedstock for petrochemical products. 

Pollution associated with petroleum refining typically includes volatile organic compounds (volatile organic compounds), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur oxides (SO c), nitrogen oxides (NO ), particulates, ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), metals, spent acids, and numerous toxic organic compounds (Hydrocarbon Processing, 2003). Sulfur and metals result from the impurities in crude oil. The other wastes represent losses of feedstock and petroleum products. 

Several packed bed reactors are employed by the petroleum refining industries utilizing natural gas as feedstock. Different compositions of synthesis gas (mixtures of carbon monoxide and hydrogen) or syngas are important... 

Cobalt compounds are useful chemical catalysts for the synthesis of fuels (Fi-scher-Tropsch process), the synthesis of alcohols and aldehydes from olefins, hydrogen and carbon monoxide at elevated temperatures and pressures ( oxo process , hydroformylation ). They are also used in petroleum refining and the oxidation of organic compounds. In the oxo process, cobalt carbonyl, Co2(CO)g, is employed or generated in situ. For the selective production of n-butanol from propylene, hydrogen and CO, an organophosphine-modified cobalt carbonyl complex is used as the catalyst. Cobalt salts are proven oxidation catalysts examples include the production of terephthalic acid by the oxidation of p-xylene, and the manufacture of phenol by the oxidation of toluene. 

If the efficiency of destruction of the harmful substance is to be above 90%, then the residence time of the pollutants in the oxidation zone should be approximately 0.5 s and the temperature must not decrease below its limit value (500 to 650°C for the combustion of hydrocarbons and 750 C in the presence of carbon monoxide) and the destruction of malodorous substances require temperature above 800°C. Such thermal combustion can be employed in petroleum refining plants and in the petrochemical industry, for removing hydrocarbons from final gases, for removing vapours of solvents in the chemical and woodworking industry, and in steel works, etc. 

Carbon dioxide is obtained commercially as the byproduct of a number of industrial reactions. For example, when calcium carbonate is heated to produce lime (CaO), carbon dioxide is released and captured as a by-product. The steam reforming (refining) of petroleum results in the production of a mixture of gases known as synthesis gas, consisting of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Carbon dioxide can be separated from the other components of synthesis gas for commercial uses. Carbon dioxide also produces as a by-product of the manufacture of ammonia (NH3) by the Haber-Bosch process. 

Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (ETBE) - A chemical compound produced in a reaction between ethanoi and isobutyiene (a petroleum-derived by-product of the refining process). ETBE has characteristics superior to other ethers iow voiatiiity, iow water soiubiiity, high octane value, and a large reduction in carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions. 

Frans Fischer (1877-1947) and Hans Tropsch (1889-1935) discovered the reaction that carries their names around 1923 at the Kaiser Wilhelm Coal Research Institute in Miilheim, Germany. This process converts synthesis gas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, into a complex set of hydrocarbons that can be refined using petroleum processing technology. 

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