Carbon mixing ratio

Anthracite. Anthracite is preferred to other forms of coal (qv) in the manufacture of carbon products because of its high carbon-to-hydrogen ratio, its low volatile content, and its more ordered stmcture. It is commonly added to carbon mixes used for fabricating metallurgical carbon products to improve specific properties and reduce cost. Anthracite is used in mix compositions for producing carbon electrodes, stmctural brick, blocks for cathodes in aluminum manufacture, and in carbon blocks and brick used for blast furnace linings. 

Fresh feed that has the proper hydrogen carbon monoxide ratio (i.e., slightly above the 3 1 minimum stoichiometric ratio) is mixed with recycle gas and sent through a heat exchanger and into the first catalyst bed, Stage I. The space velocity in Stage I is controlled so that all of the carbon monoxide fed to it is completely converted. The inlet gases are... 

Assuming the current emissions and sinks remain about the same, estimate the global atmospheric CO2 mixing ratio in the year 2050. Now repeat this calculation, but this time assume that the terrestrial biosphere no longer continues to sequester some of this anthropogenic carbon. 

Boothroyd Sackmann (1999). Thus, to solve the 3He problem in terms of extra-mixing in low-mass stars, the vast majority of them (90%-100%) must be affected by this phenomenon (Galli et al. 1997). The same conclusion has been reached independently by Charbonnel do Nascimento (1998) on the basis of the statistics of carbon isotopic ratios in a sample of red-giant stars with accurate Hipparcos parallaxes. 

Various workers have discussed the determination of total alkalinity and carbonate [ 10-12], and the carbonate bicarbonate ratio [ 12] in seawater. A typical method utilises an autoanalyser. Total alkalinity (T milliequivelents per litre) is found by adding a known (excess) amount of hydrochloric acid and back titrating with sodium hydroxide solution a pH meter records directly and after differentiation is used to indicate the end-point. Total carbon dioxide (C milliequivelents per litre of HCO3 per litre) is determined by mixing the sample with dilute sulfuric acid and segmenting it with carbon dioxide-free air, so that the carbon dioxide in the sample is expelled into the air segments. The air... 

Carbon Monoxide. Methods for determining carbon monoxide include detection by conversion to mercury vapor, gas filter correlation spectrometry, TDLAS, and grab sampling followed by gas chromatograph (GC) analysis. The quantitative liberation of mercury vapor from mercury oxide by CO has been used to measure CO (73). The mercury vapor concentration is then measured by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. A detection limit of 0.1 ppbv was reported for a 30-s response time. Accuracy was reported to be 3% at tropospheric mixing ratios. A commercial instrument providing similar performance is available. 

The atmospheric composition of Venus is similar to that of Mars (see Table VIII—3). Carbon dioxide is the main constituent. The CO mixing ratio is about 5 x 10"5, but the Oz mixing ratio is less than 10 6. Minor constituents that are present in the Venus atmosphere but not in the Martian atmosphere are HC1 and HF in mixing ratios of 6 x 10 7 and 1.5 x 10 9, respectively. 

Reichle Jr H.G, V.S. Connors, J.A. Holland, W.D. Hypes, HA. Wallio, J.C. Casas, B.B. Gormsen, M.S. Saylor and W.D. Hesketh (1986) Middle and upper tropospheric carbon monoxide mixing ratios as measured by a satellite-bome remote sensor during November 1981. Journal of Geophysical Research 91 10865-10887... 

Murayama S. Yamamoto S. Saigusa N. Kondo H. and Takamura C. (2005). Long-term carbon exchange at a Takayama, Japan forest Statistical analyses of inter-annual variations in the vertical profile of atmospheric C02 mixing ratio and carbon budget in a cool-temperate deciduous forest in Japan. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 134(1-4), 17-26. 

Figure 9.1 Freshwater-marine mixing ratios of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and isotopic composition (DI13C) across three different salinity gradients. Bottom isotopic change between — 10%e at the freshwater end-member, and +2%c at the marine end-member, both end-member values are based on concentration-weighted averages (data sources Spiker and Schemel, 1979 Spiker, 1980). (Modified from Fry, 2002.)...

Lin, C. Y., and Lay, C. H. 2004a. Carbon/nitrogen-ratio effect on fermentative hydrogen production by mixed microflora. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 29,41-45. 

Carbon monoxide volume mixing ratio (ppm) qC02... 

Carbon monoxide (CO) strongly influences the concentration of the radical OH in the tropical atmosphere. CO oxidation can lead to either production or destruction of ozone, depending on the NOx mixing ratio. Tropical soils are either a sink or a weak source of CO, where photochemical oxidation of methane and other hydrocarbons and biomass burning emissions are the predominant CO sources. 

Fig. 8. Vertical distribution of molecular oxygen (Oj) mixing ratio in prebiological paleo-atmosphere. Calculations for molecular hydrogen (Hj) = 17 ppmv, carbon dioxide (CO2) = 280 ppmv, and three different solar ultraviolet fluxes.

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