Carbon dioxide oxidations

Utility systems as sources of waste. The principal sources of utility waste are associated with hot utilities (including cogeneration systems) and cold utilities. Furnaces, steam boilers, gas turbines, and diesel engines all produce waste from products of combustion. The principal problem here is the emission of carbon dioxide, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, and particulates (metal oxides, unbumt... 

The problems with the combustion reaction occur because the process also produces many other products, most of which are termed air pollutants. These can be carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxides of sulfur, oxides of nitrogen, smoke, fly ash, metals, metal oxides, metal salts, aldehydes, ketones, acids, polynuclear hydrocarbons, and many others. Only in the past few decades have combustion engineers become concerned about... 

The increasing number of atomic reactors used for power generation has been questioned from several environmental points of view. A modern atomic plant, as shown in Fig. 28-3, appears to be relatively pollution free compared to the more familiar fossil fuel-fired plant, which emits carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, hydrocarbons, and fly ash. However, waste and spent-fuel disposal problems may offset the apparent advantages. These problems (along with steam generator leaks) caused the plant shown in Fig. 28-3 to close permanently in 199T. 

Carbon dioxide oxidizes carbon at a substantially slower rate than 02 at normal combustion temperatures. As a consequence, the transition from single-film combustion of a carbon particle to double-film combustion typically involves a strong reduction in the carbon oxidation rate, as eloquently demonstrated by Makino and coworkers in a series of experiments in which graphite rods were oxidized in air at different temperatures and flow rates [38],... 

Both carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide oxidize uranium at 750°C forming uranium dioxide, UO2, along with uranium carbide, UC. 

Apart from effluents, industries also release poisonous gases, industrial waste and compounds of metals. The gases released are carbon dioxide, oxides of sulphur, oxides of nitrogen. Industrial water comes from... 

The aqueous oxidation of D-[l-14C]glucose and D-[6-14C]glucose at 100 °C afforded formic, acetic, and glycolic acids, and carbon dioxide. The last is mainly produced from C-2 to C-5, the formic acid from C-l, and the acetic acid from C-6.96 Addition of aluminum(III) chloride greatly increased the yield of carbon dioxide. Oxidation of D-glucose and D-fructose, studied with lsO-enriched oxygen, showed that they decompose via the C-l and C-2 hydroperoxides to give D-erythronic acid as the main product.76... 

The small class of compounds that have a carbon atom with four bonds to heteroatoms is related to CO2 and best described as at the carbon dioxide oxidation level. 

Nitric acid (25-35% wt./vol.) causes hydrolysis of lactose and oxidation to give D-glucaric acid ( saccharic acid ) and galactaric acid ( mucic acid ), with further oxidation of these products to tartaric acid, oxalic acid, and carbon dioxide. Oxidation to galactaric acid was suggested ... 

Four bonds to heteroatoms carbon dioxide oxidation level... 

---