Carbon dioxide exploitation

In 1789 the chemist Lavoisier discovered the microbial conversion of sugar into ethanol and only successively was this ability attributed to yeasts, as explained by Pasteur [15]. It is not surprising that, since then, yeasts have been extensively studied and their capacity to convert sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide exploited to produce beer, wine, and bread. 

The carbon-carbon bond forming potential inherent m the Claisen and Dieckmann reac tions has been extensively exploited m organic synthesis Subsequent transformations of the p keto ester products permit the synthesis of other functional groups One of these transformations converts p keto esters to ketones it is based on the fact that p keto acids (not esters ) undergo decarboxylation readily (Section 19 17) Indeed p keto acids and their corresponding carboxylate anions as well lose carbon dioxide so easily that they tend to decarboxylate under the conditions of their formation... 

The electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol has been widely investigated for exploitation in the so-called direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The most likely type of DMFC to be commercialized in the near future seems to be the polymer electrolyte membrane DMFC using proton exchange membrane, a special form of low-temperature fuel cell based on PEM technology. In this cell, methanol (a liquid fuel available at low cost, easily handled, stored, and transported) is dissolved in an acid electrolyte and burned directly by air to carbon dioxide. The prominence of the DMFCs with respect to safety, simple device fabrication, and low cost has rendered them promising candidates for applications ranging from portable power sources to secondary cells for prospective electric vehicles. Notwithstanding, DMFCs were... 

R. N. Diyashev, F. M. Sattarova, K. G. Mazitov, V. M. Khusainov, K. I. Sulejmanov, G. S. Karimov, and I. R. Diyashev. Recovering oil not exploited from reservoir—by injecting alternating portions of ammonium carbonate and hydrochloric acid and displacing formed carbon dioxide with water. Patent RU 2065940-C, 1996. 

When carbon dioxide is passed into a nearly saturated solution of sodium chloride containing some ammonia, ammonium bicarbonate is formed. The heart of the process is the exploitation of the equilibrium between this bicarbonate and sodium and ammonium chlorides NH4HC03 + NaCl NaHC03 + NH4C1... 

The other important issue is the future of fossil energy resources. As with carbon dioxide emissions, future predictions are highly uncertain. They relate to many economic factors. For instance, an increase in oil price makes oil exploitable that previously was uneconomic. Figure 1.3 shows the results of different prognoses. 

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