Carbon as a cathode

This method of electrolytically producing carbon nanotubes can be compared with the electrolysis of carbonate ions to produce the same product. The production of carbon nanotubes in the latter case is entirely controlled by Faraday s laws whereas, with the intercalation approach, the production depends on the stress 

This paper has shown that carbon in the presence of molten salts plays a major role in the extfaction of metals where energy is consumed but, perhaps, more important is that it can make a significant contribution to energy creation and storage under conditions where it is not consumed but simply acts as an intermediate allowing other reactions to take place. In the carbonate fuel cell, the carbonate ion is not consumed but is 

Habashi, F. (ed.) (1997) Handbook of Extractive Metallurgy. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinham. 

Thonstad, J., Felner, R, Haarberg, G.M. et al. (2001) Aluminium Electrolysis -Fundamentals of the Hall-Heroult Process. 3rd edn, Aluminium-Verlag, Dusseldorf 

Tripuraneni Kilby, K. (2008) The anodic testing of a tin oxide (SnOj) based material for the FFC Cambridge process. PhD thesis. University of Cambridge. 

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According to the last mechanism an electrochemical active particle is carbon dioxide. Therefore direct electroreduction of carbon dioxide, dissolved in the salt melts must also give a carbon as a cathode product. It was confirmed in the [6, 7], but there were no any data about morphology and structure of obtained carbon powders. The electrodeposition of carbon from carbon dioxide was taken as the base process for high-temperature electrochemical synthesis (HTES) of refractory carbides [8, 9]. 

An additional advantage of the proposed solar energy devices would be that they could be built of cheap materials. They could, for example, be made of carbon, a graphite layer anode and a sheet of amorphous carbon as a cathode separated by a thin electrolyte layer with bromide/bromine as a carrier system. 

Kwon NH, Fromm KM (2012) Enhanced electrochemical performance of <30 nm thin LiMnP04 nanorods with reduced amount of carbon as a cathode for lithium ion batteries. Food Chem 133 1435-1440... 

Oxygen dissolved in aqueous solutions, even in very low concentrations, is a leading cause of corrosion problems (i.e., pitting) in drilling. Its presence also accelerates the corrosion rate of other corrodents such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. Oxygen plays a dual role both as a cathodic depolarizer and an anodic polarizer or passivator. Within a certain range of concentration the... 

Also, using n-Ti02 as an anode and p-GaP as a cathode in 0.1 M lithium carbonate solution, under illumination on both electrodes, methanol was produced (3 x 10-3 mol) at a current efficiency... 

Fuel cell applications Manganese dioxide as a new cathode catalyst in microbial fuel cells [118] OMS-2 catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications [119] An improved cathode for alkaline fuel cells [120] Nanostructured manganese oxide as a cathodic catalyst for enhanced oxygen reduction in a microbial fuel cell [121] Carbon-supported tetragonal MnOOH catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media [122]... 

Carbon-coating is an effective way to improve the performance of electrode materials for lithium batteries, particularly with graphites [11-14], It is also known to aid in the surface conductivity for LiFeP04 as a cathode material [27], There are many ways to coat powders with carbon, but in this study, we have chosen to decompose a hydrocarbon vapor of propylene in a nitrogen carrier gas at a moderate temperature of 700 °C. Criteria for using this process include a material that is stable at this temperature and under a reducing environment. 

This method in some ways resembles the technique for ASV [321,322]. The analytical device is based on a three-electrode system (1) a glassy carbon electrode, which serves as a cathode (2) a saturated calomel electrode (SCE), which is the reference electrode and (3) a platinum counter-electrode during electrolysis. 

Studies at the Lewis Research Center of the National Aeronautic and Space Administration22 and at the Frankford Arsenal of the U.S. Army23 have shown that poly(carbon monofluoride) is a superior solid lubricant under heavy loads, in high temperatures, in oxidizing atmospheres, and under other extreme conditions. Researchers at the U.S. Army Electronics Command at Fort Monmouth, N.J.24 25 and industrial scientists in Japan have recently demonstrated a high potential for the use of poly(carbon monofluoride) as a cathode material in high-energy batteries. 

The reduction is usually made in a multi-compartment electrochemical cell, where the reference electrode is isolated from the reaction solution. The solvent can be water, alcohol or their mixture. As organic solvent A,A-dimethyl form amide or acetonitrile is used. Mercury is often used as a cathode, but graphite or low hydrogen overpotential electrically conducting catalysts (e.g. Raney nickel, platinum and palladium black on carbon rod, and Devarda copper) are also applicable. 

The direct reduction of haloalkynes using either mercury or vitreous carbon as the cathode has been examined in considerable detail [80-84] one example is portrayed in Eq (77). The influence of reduction potential, current consumption, proton donor, electrode, and substrate concentration on the course of the process has been examined. Vitreous carbon electrodes are preferred, though mercury has been used in many instances. Unfortunately, these reactions suffer from the formation of diorganomercurials. While both alkyl iodides and bromides can be used, the former is generally preferred. Because of their higher reduction potential, alkyl chlorides react via a different mechanism, one involving isomerization to an allene followed by cyclization [83]. 

Lead has been much used as a cathode material in organic electrosynthesis 92 it has a high hydrogen overvoltage and is easy to work mechanically. However, it does not appear to be as useful as vitreous carbon or platinum for general voltammetric work. 

The first investigation of Li Co02 was carried out by Mizushima et al. in 1980," where the material was suggested as a possible positive electrode for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries. In 1991 Sony Corporation commercialized the first lithium-ion battery in which lithium cobalt oxide was used as the positive electrode and graphite (carbon) as the negative electrode. Since then, LiCo02 has been the most widely used cathode material in commercial hthium-ion batteries and retains its industrial importance as a cathode material. 

Polarization occurs because of ion concentration buildup near the anode and/or cathode. Once the ion concentration reaches saturation, corrosion essentially stops. Polarization can occur when (1) Hydrogen ions concentrate at an active cathode in the absence of a cathodic depolarizer. Dissolved oxygen acts as a cathodic depolarizer. (2) Metal ions saturate the electrolyte around an anode. (Soluble Fe++ may saturate the anode, perhaps as the result of the precipitation of an insoluble iron salt, inhibiting the diffusion of Fe++. For example, insoluble surface compounds such as carbonate scales in a fresh water often occur on carbon steel.)... 

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