Carbohydrates cellulose complex

Celluloses. Complex carbohydrates including gums, cellulose, methylceUulose, and carboxymethylceUulose also have found appHcation ia fat replacemeat. A good summary of the appHcatioa of these materials is available (21). 

Although a polysaccharide can be made of any type of monosaccharide units, the polysaccharides of the human diet are made only of glucose. These polysaccharides include starch, glycogen, and cellulose, which differ from one another only in how the glucose units are chained together. All polysaccharides, but especially the ones in our diet, are known as complex carbohydrates, where complex refers to the multitude of monosaccharide units linked together. 

The difficulty encountered in separating lignin from the cellulose of wood without the intermediate use of hydrolytic conditions,43 as well as the fact that some workers have isolated uniform, lignin-cellulose complexes,44 has suggested the presence of a carbohydrate-lignin compound. 

The presence of the complex carbohydrates provides the environment with a viscous hydrogel structure water removal gradually yields a mass of bacteria bound by undigested carbohydrates (celluloses) to form the stool. The presence of a hydrogel softens the mass and also provides water for dissolution. Carbon dioxide release is also a fermentation product, and if the redox potential is sufficiently low, bacteria can produce methane and hydrogen that can be detected in the breath particularly after the ingestion of pulses. In the upright position, the gas will rise to the transverse colon It is estimated that an adult produces approximately 2-3 L per day on 20 g fermentable fibre (most of which is eliminated in the breath). ... 

The giant molecules are the stuff of life our muscles, skin and hair are protein fibres beneath our skin, giant molecules of lipid are laid down in layers of subcutaneous fat around us, the bark of trees and the stems of plants are long, close-packed molecules of the carbohydrate cellulose. The feel of a living thing is the feel of a complex meshwork of interacting macromolecules. 

Much current research focuses on the formation of bioethanol from cellulosic plants, plants that contain the complex carbohydrate cellulose. Cellulose is not readily metabolized and so does not compete with the food supply. However, the chemistry for converting cellulose to ethanol is much more complex than that for converting corn. Cellulosic bioethanol could be produced from very fast-growing nonfood plants, such as prairie grasses and switchgrass, which readily renew themselves without the use of fertilizers. 

It is well known that even complex carbohydrate mixtures (found in food or urine samples) can be separated by TLC [10]. Although many different stationary phases are nowadays commercially available, there are in practice only three suitable layers for the separation of carbohydrates cellulose, silica, and aminopropyl bonded silica [3]. 

Lignin, a biological polymer with a complex structure, which occurs with carbohydrate cellulose in woody parts of plants where it binds fibers of cellulose together. Relatively few uses have been found for lignin, and it poses impurity problems in extracting cellulose for feedstock use. 

Biomass is a complex substance made up of many organic species combined into a heterogeneous polymeric material. Although the actual structure of biomass cannot be defined, portions of it can be related to the structure of known organic compounds. These structures include carbohydrates (cellulose andhemicelluloses, approximately... 

The complex carbohydrate cellulose, with molecular masses ranging up to 500,000 u, is the principal structural material of plants. When plant life decomposes in the presence of bacteria and out of contact with air, O and H atoms are removed and the approximate carbon content of the residue increases in the progression... 

Carbohydrate (Section 25.1) A polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone. Carbohydrates can be either simple sugars, such as glucose, or complex sugars, such as cellulose. 

Tannins comprise various polyhydroxyphenols and polysaccharides (polysaccharoses), which are complex carbohydrates (polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones) and include starches and cellulose, and their... 

At one level, life can be regarded as a collection of hugely complex reactions taking place between organic compounds in oddly shaped containers. Many of these organic compounds are polymers, including the cellulose of wood, natural fibers such as cotton and silk, the proteins and carbohydrates in our food, and the nucleic acids of our genes. 

Biosorption is a rather complex process affected by several factors that include different binding mechanisms (Figure 10.4). Most of the functional groups responsible for metal binding are found in cell walls and include carboxyl, hydroxyl, sulfate, sulfhydryl, phosphate, amino, amide, imine, and imidazol moieties.4 90 The cell wall of plant biomass has proteins, lipids, carbohydrate polymers (cellulose, xylane, mannan, etc.), and inorganic ions of Ca(II), Mg(II), and so on. The carboxylic and phosphate groups in the cell wall are the main acidic functional groups that affect directly the adsorption capacity of the biomass.101... 

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