Carbohydrate , protein modification

Bread is an excellent staple supplying key nutrients carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, and vitamins. Its nutritive value affects a great majority of the human population. The marked increase in nutritive value of microwave or steamed breads, observed in the present study, indicates that those processes deserve attention or that conventional baking warrants some modification. 

Hydrophilic size separation columns for use with aqueous samples are very popular choices for purifying proteins and carbohydrates. Protein separation columns are available on both silica and polymeric supports. It is surprising that the best of these protein purification columns in terms of resolution and in recovery of native protein are silica-based columns. One would expect that protein release from silica would be a real problem. It certainly is in many other silica columns. These columns, however, especially the TSK family of columns, give excellent recovery of enzymatic activity. I have talked to other column manufacturers who have investigated the problem. They say that when you remove the bonded phases from these columns they appear to be identical to bonded phases from a number of other, less successful, columns designed for protein purification. All of these bonded phases are primarily diol ether polymers, very hydrophilic, but of intermediate polarity. Some modification of... 

Improved extractability of gluten proteins from thermally processed food products, due to the formation of carbohydrate-protein bonds, can be attained by using preliminary digestion of samples with glucoamylase or a-amylase (Partridge et al., 2003). However, such modification of analytical tests can cause a change in the properties of allergenic proteins. 

The polysaccharide modification strategy, the selected protein carrier and the conjugation methods are interdependent. The stracture of the carbohydrate-protein conjugate could be very diverse ranging from a neoglycoprotein t) e made from smaller fragments of the CPS linked... 

Thus, the differential expression of genes is required for the production of different proteins because each protein controls a distinct function. The function of many proteins is listed in Table 1.1. In addition, the protein profile of a cell can vary depending on the different kinds of modification of the same protein such modifications of protein may involve acetylation, phosphorylation, glycosylation, or association with lipid or carbohydrate molecules. These modifications in proteins occur as posttranslational events and alter the function of proteins. One example is the mitosis activator protein (MAP) kinase protein controlling the mitosis this protein is activated by phosphorylation to give MAP Kinase (MAPK), MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK), and MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK). The role of protein modification in the control of cellular activity is discussed later in this book. 

Chemical modifications of chemical groups other than the side chains of amino acids in the protein might also form toxic or harmful substances. Nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids all contain functional groups which could be derivatized by many of the reagents used for protein modification. 

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