Carbohydrate analysis glycoconjugates

D. J. Harvey, Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization mass spectrometry An update covering the period 1999-2000, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 25 (2006) 595-662. 

From these results it is apparent that FDMS is highly successful in obtaining both molecular weight and sequence information for complex carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. Undoubtedly, FDMS will continue to be relied on as a physical method for the structural analysis of these molecules. 

Carbohydrate hydrocolloids As hydrocolloids constitute the majority of polysaccharides encountered in industry and research, the methods of analysis that apply variously to components of this group, including starch that is strictly in a category of its own on account of the overwhelming quantities used, embrace virtually all aspects of polysaccharide analysis. Glycoconjugates require certain additional, special procedures that are considered in the section that follows this account. 

Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorp-tion/ionization mass spectrometry an update for 2009-2010. Mass Spectrom Rev. 2015 34. in press, doi 10.1002/mas.21411. 

Recent applications of HPAEC-PAD are many and varied. A representative list includes quantitation of polyglucose metabolites in plasma of dialysis patients,148 analysis of heat-treated milk,149 carbohydrate content in lipopolysaccharides,150 phosphorylated sugars in tissue samples,151 composition of soybean meal,152 carbohydrate composition of recombinant modified tissue plasminogen activator,153 analysis of cyclization products from an enzyme reaction,154 carbohydrate content of glycoconjugate vaccines,155 and monitoring of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.156... 

A. Dondoni, M. Kleban, X. Hu, A. Marra, and H. D. Banks, Glycoside-clustering round calixarenes toward the development of multivalent carbohydrate ligands. Synthesis and conformational analysis of calix[4]arene O- and C-glycoconjugates, J. Org. Chem., 67 (2002) 4722 -733. 

Of the many areas where these methods have been useful, the greatest impact has been in the area of complex plant and animal oligosaccharides, glycopeptides, and other glycoconjugates (see Table IV). The isolation of these pure carbohydrates, by the methods described, has allowed their spectroscopic, chemical, and enzymic analysis, in many cases for the first time (see Addendum). 

Chaplin used methanolysis for the analysis of carbohydrates in glycoproteins. His method was a variation of the foregoing procedures, with an improvement of using tert-hvAyX alcohol to remove hydrogen chloride by coevaporation, instead of prolonged trituration with silver carbonate. His method is useful for samples containing uronic acids and lipids. Mononen studied methanolysis, followed by deamination and reduction with borohydride, for determination of the monosaccharide constituents of glycoconjugates. This method was applied to a lipid-free, protein fraction of rat brain. 

The elucidation of the structure of polysaccharides and of the carbohydrate portion of glycoconjugates involves sugar analysis, linkage analysis, and the determination of anomeric configurations and the sequences of the sugar residues. When non-sugar substituents are present, these should also be identified and located. 

R.K. Merkle, I. Poppe, Carbohydrate composition analysis of glycoconjugates by GLC-MS, Methods EnzymoL, 230 (1994) 1. 

Merkle RK, Poppe I (1993) Carbohydrate composition analysis of glycoconjugates by gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. In (ed) Methods enzmol, vol 230. Academic Press, NY, pi... 

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