Car batteries

It is iitiporlani to maintain the level of the electrolyte to retain the desired characteristics on a repeal start. However, this may be necessary only once a year as a result of very little evaporation. In the event of a lower level the electrolyte can be filled up with drinking water, as in a car battery. 

Another important concept for batteries is resistance. Expressed in ohms, resistance is what limits current. For example, if a 12V car battery were connected to a circuit with 4 ohms resistance, the current would be 3 A. If the battery had a capacity of 90 A-h, it would supply 3 A for 30 hours. (Resistance of 4 ohms here refers to external resistance of the battery and the headlight circuit.) The greater the resistance of the circuit and cell itself, the less the current for a given applied voltage. 

A much more heavily crosslinked material can be obtained by increasing the amount of sulfur in the mixture, so that it represents about a third of the mass of the product. Heating such a mixture of raw mbber and sulfur at 150 °C until reaction is complete gives a hard, thermoset material that is not at all elastic. This material is called ebonite and is used to make car battery cases. 

For making fertilizer, in petroleum rehning, synthetic rubber and other plastics, copper leaching, manufacture of inorganic pigments, water treatment chemicals, paints, car batteries, etc. 

You can bring lead home in the dust on your hands or clothes if lead is used in the place where you work. Lead dust is likely to be found in places where lead is mined or smelted, where car batteries are made or recycled, where electric cable sheathing is made, where fine crystal glass is made, or where certain types of ceramic pottery are made. Pets can also bring lead into the home in dust or dirt on their fur or feet if they spend time in places that have high levels of lead in the soil. 

Why is the acid in a car battery more corrosive than vinegar ... 

Car batteries generally contain sulphuric acid at a concentration of about 10 mol dm-3 It is extremely corrosive, and can generate horrific chemical bums. By contrast, the... 

The market for batteries is huge, with new types and applications being developed all the time. For example, a watch battery is a type of silver oxide cell silver in contact with silver oxide forms one half-cell while the other is zinc metal and dications. Conversely, a car battery is constructed with the two couples lead(IV) lead and lead(IV) lead(II). The electrolyte is sulphuric acid, hence this battery s popular name of lead-acid cell (see further discussion on p. 347). 

For current-controlled conversions, a current-regulated DC source (up to 50V and 2A, with voltage and current display) [175] or one or two car batteries (12 to 24V) with a volt and ampere meter [176] or a regulated AC power source with a rectifier are sufficient as the power supply. 

A typical car battery consists of six 2-V cells. The cells are connected in series to give a total potential of 12 V. 

Many types of rechargeable batteries are much more portable than a car battery. For example, there is now a rechargeable version of the alkaline battery. Another example, shown in Figure 11.20, is the rechargeable nickel-cadmium (nicad) battery. Figure 11.21 shows a nickel-cadmium cell, which has a potential of about 1.4 V. A typical nicad battery contains three cells in series to produce a suitable voltage for electronic devices. When the cells in a nicad battery operate as galvanic cells, the half-reactions and the overall cell reaction are as follows. 

IfflD What external voltage is required to recharge a lead-acid car battery ... 

Composts can be made from most biodegradable materials, and could derive from many unusual sources. If it originates from municipal solid waste, however, care should be taken that no toxic and non-degradable materials remain after the supplier s separation processes. Small pieces of brick and concrete, glass and plastic (inerts), lead residues from old car batteries and cadmium from electroplated items are possible. A useful work on specifications and recommended chemical analyses of composts is the book by Bertoldi et al., 1987. 

Chemistry affects every aspect of our daily lives. Even something as simple as frying sausages involves chemical processes And while it is well known that, say, car batteries contain acid, how often do we think of all the acids around us in the kitchen Yet a few simple tests will prove their presence, Obviously, far more complicated chemical processes are involved in the industrial manufacture of synthetic materials. But however they occur, naturally or otherwise, all chemical substances are made up of the basic elements, whose atomic structure is the key to their behavio r. 

A car battery contains sulfuric acid, a powerful corrosive. Even when battery acid is diluted, it will still be strong enough to rot fabric and clothing. But strangely, cold concentrated... 

Electrolysis uses electricity to produce a chemical change. A battery, or cell, does the opposite it uses a chemical change to produce electricity. Car batteries ("storage batteries") use both processes electrolysis reverses the chemical changes that occur when the battery is used, and is able to store electrical energy. 

Advances in the past few decades have improved car battery technology immensely. Many lead batteries currently manufactured are labeled as maintenance free. This refers to the fact that the acid level in them does not have to be checked. The addition of water to a lead battery is necessary because the charging process causes water to undergo electrolysis. This process creates... 

Most environmental conditions do not allow for calculation of these potentials at 25°C in this case, temperature effects cannot be easily neglected. We aU know that a car battery has less cranking power on a cold winter morning than it does on a warm snmmer day. Temperatnre effects can be taken into account by returning to the free energy, which already accounts for temperatnre fluctuations. Equation (3.8) developed at the beginning of this chapter is where we start. 

Some very well-known applications of electrochemistry in our daily life include car batteries, mobile phones, portable computers, mp3 players, radios, and digital cameras. 

Electrolysis is the use of electrical energy to produce chemical change. The recharging of a car battery is an example of electrolysis. Another, shown in Figure 11.15, is passing an electric current through water, a process that breaks the water down into its elemental components ... 

What chemical reaction is forced to occur while a car battery is being recharged ... 

Your car lights were left on while you were shopping, and now your car battery is dead. Has the pH of the battery fluid increased or decreased ... 

Some car batteries require the periodic addition of water. Does adding the water increase or decrease the battery s ability to provide electric power to start the car Explain. 

As long as fuel is supplied, fuel cells don t run down, but car batteries die when the electron-producing chemicals are consumed. 

Early experiments with planar electrodes (Figure 16a) lead to car battery assemblies of radiating walls, where the reaction mixture is circulating in between the lamps (Figure 16b) [60-62]. 

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