Capillaiy

The Mariotte bottle. l he perchlorate guard tube is attached by a length of ordinary rubber condenser tubing to the Mariotte bottle W. This is, in effect, a siphon bottle, and the lead-in tube X is a capillary provided with a tap T,. The bent capillaiy (drawn off slightly at the end) serves as exit tube it is fitted into W by a rubber bung and its level may be adjusted. 

Soldered Joints (Fig- 10-147) These joints reqmre precise control of the diameter of the pipe or tubing and of the cup in the fitting in order to cause the solder to draw into the clearance between the cup and the tubing by capillaiy action (Fig. 10-147). Extrusion provides this diametral control, and the joints are most widely used in copper. A 50 percent lead, 50 percent tin solder is used for tempera-... 

An approximate equation for use for materials in which moisture movement is controlled by capillaiy flow is given as... 

The shear rate calculated from impeller rotational speed is used to identify a viscosity from a plot of viscosity versus shear rate determined with a capillaiy or rotational viscometer. Next Nr is calculated, and Np is read from a plot like Fig. 18-17. 

One variation in design, the Ceramec, offered by Outokumpu Mintec, employs gasless ceramic media instead of traditional filter fabrics, relying partly on capillaiy action to achieve low moistures. 

The second approach to characterize wetting considers the abihty of the fluid to penetrate a powder bed. It involves the measurement of the extent and rate of fluid rise by capillaiy suction into a column of powder, better known as the Washburn test. Considering the powder to consist of capillaries of radius R, the equilibrium height of rise... 

Modules Eveiy module design used in other membrane operations has been tried in peivaporation. One unique requirement is for low hydraulic resistance on the permeate side, since permeate pressure is veiy low (O.I-I Pa). The rule for near-vacuum operation is the bigger the channel, the better the transport. Another unique need is for neat input. The heat of evaporation comes from the liquid, and intermediate heating is usually necessary. Of course economy is always a factor. Plate-and-frame construc tion was the first to be used in large installations, and it continues to be quite important. Some smaller plants use spiral-wound modules, and some membranes can be made as capiUaiy bundles. The capillaiy device with the feed on... 

For other die geometries it is necessary to use the appropriate form of equation (4.12). The equations for a capillaiy and a slit die are derived in Chapter 5. For other geometries it is possible to use the empirical equation which was developed by Boussinesq. This has the form... 

I. A Victor Meyer Apparatus as shown in Fig. 27. It consists of an elongated glass bulb with a narrow stem, and a capillaiy side-tube. It is provided with a wellfitting rubber cork, which can be pressed easily and tightly into the open end... 

A very delicate and useful piece of apparatus, which is leadily made with the blow-pipe, is Perkins modification of Sprengel s pyknometer. It is especially adapted for small quantities of liquid and for the moie volatile ones. The apparatus (Fig. 46) consists of a U l ube to hold from 2 to 10 c.c., drawm out at each end into a fine capillary. The one capillaiy limb, a, is bent outwards and is furnished with a small bulb the other, b, is bent at a right angle with the first. On the limb a, between the bulb and the top of the U-tnbe a mark is etched. The... 

J. E. MacNair, K. C. Lewis and J. W. Jorgenson, Ultraliigh-pressure reversed-phase liquid chromatography in packed capillaiy column . Anal. Chem. 69 983 (1997). 

Figure 2.17 Schematic representation of the set-up used for on-line liquid-liquid exti action coupled with capillary GC when using a membrane phase separator. Reprinted from Journal of High Resdution Chromatography, 13, E. C. Goosens et al., Determination of hexachloro-cyclohexanes in gi ound water by coupled liquid-liquid extraction and capillaiy gas cliro-matography , pp. 438-441, 1990, with permission from Wiley-VCH.

K. Grob and B. Schilling, Coupled HPLC-capillaiy GC-state of the art and outlook , 7. High Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun. 8 726-733 (1985). 

J. Staniewski, H.G. Janssen, C. A. Cramers and J. A. Rijks, Progi ammed-temperature injectoi for lai ge-volume sample inti oduction in capillaiy gas clnomatography and for liquid clnomatography-gas cln omatogi aphy interfacing , 7. Microcolumn Sep. 4 331-338(1993). 

J. Staniewski, H. G. Janssen, J. A. Rijks and C. A. Cramers, Inti oduction of large volumes of methylene cWoi ide in capillaiy GC with electron capture detection , in... 

L. Mondello, G. Dugo and K. D. Baitle, On-line microbore high perfoimance liquid cliiomatography-capillaiy gas cliiomatography foi food and water analyses a review , J. Microcolumn Sep. 8 275-310 (1996). 

K. Grob, Developments of the transfer techniques for on-line high perfoimance liquid cliiomatography-capillaiy gas cliiomatography , 7. Chromatogr. 703 265-276 (1995). 

F. M. Ean as and M. A. Ruggiero, On-line coupling of supercritical fluid exti action to capillaiy column electi odriven separation techniques , J. Microcolumn Sep. 12 61-67 (2000). 

M. A. Ruggiero and F. M. Ean as, Approaching the ideal system for the complete automation in ti ace analysis by capillaiy electi ophoresis , in Proceedings of the 3rd Latin American Symposium on Capillary Electrophoresis, Buenos Aires, Argentine, November 30-December 2. p. 1 (1997). 

J. R. Veraait, C. Gooijer, H. Lingeman, N. H. Velthorst and U. A. Th Brinkman, At-line solid-phase exti action for capillaiy electrophoresis application to negatively charged solutes , 7. Chromatogr. 6 719 199-208 (1998). 

E. M. Benson, A. J. Tomlinson, A. N. Mayeno, G. J. Gleich, D. Wells and S. Naylor, Membrane preconcentration-capillaiy electi ophoresis-mass specti ometi y (niPC-CE-MS) analysis of 3-phenylamino-l,2-propanediol (PAP) metabolites , 7. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 19 291-293(1996). 

E. Rohde, A. J. Tomlinson, D. H. Johnson and S. Naylor, Protein analysis by membrane preconcenti ation-capillaiy electi ophoresis systematic evaluation of parameters affecting preconcenti ation and separation , 7. Chromatogr. 6 713 301-311 (1998). 

D. Eigeys, Y. Zhang and R. Aebersold, Optimization of solid phase microexti action-capillaiy zone electi ophoresis-mass specti ometi y for liigh sensitivity protein identification , Electrophoresis 19 2338-2347 (1998). 

D. Eigeys, A. Dua et, J. R. Yates-III and R. Aebersold, Protein identification by solid phase microextraaion-capillaiy zone electi ophoi esis-miaoelecti ospray-tandem mass specti ometi y , Nat. Biotechnol. 14 1579-1583 (1996). 

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