Canned carrageenan

The lambda type is nongelling, and functions as a thickner. Iota-carrageenan has been recommended (45) for use in formulating low fat ground beef due to its abihty to retain moisture, especially through a freeze—thaw cycle which is typical for ground beef patties. Oat bran and oat fiber can also be used to improve moisture retention and mouth feel. Modified starches can be used as binders to maintain juiciness and tenderness in low fat meat products. Maltodextrins (dextrose equivalent less than 20) may be used as binders up to 3.5% in finished meat products. Other carbohydrates such as konjac flour, alginate, microcrystalline cellulose, methylceUulose, and carboxymethylceUulose have also been used in low fat meat products (see CELLULOSE ETHERs). 

Note that some treatment operations choose a pollution prevention technique to dispose of the float. This involves feeding the float to animals. When this is done for the situation where the feed animals are used for human consumption, organic compounds such as chitosan, carrageenan, lignosulfonic acid,or their derivatives can be used. Use only compounds that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Office of Veterinary Medicine. 

The GBR resin works well for nonionic and certain ionic polymers such as various native and derivatized starches, including sodium carboxymethylcel-lulose, methylcellulose, dextrans, carrageenans, hydroxypropyl methylcellu-lose, cellulose sulfate, and pullulans. GBR columns can be used in virtually any solvent or mixture of solvents from hexane to 1 M NaOH as long as they are miscible. Using sulfonated PDVB gels, mixtures of methanol and 0.1 M Na acetate will run many polar ionic-type polymers such as poly-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid, polystyrene sulfonic acids, and poly aniline/ polystyrene sulfonic acid. Sulfonated columns can also be used with water glacial acetic acid mixtures, typically 90/10 (v/v). Polyacrylic acids run well on sulfonated gels in 0.2 M NaAc, pH 7.75. 

Subsequent work by Johansson and Lofroth [183] compared this result with those obtained from Brownian dynamics simulation of hard-sphere diffusion in polymer networks of wormlike chains. They concluded that their theory gave excellent agreement for small particles. For larger particles, the theory predicted a faster diffusion than was observed. They have also compared the diffusion coefficients from Eq. (73) to the experimental values [182] for diffusion of poly(ethylene glycol) in k-carrageenan gels and solutions. It was found that their theory can successfully predict the diffusion of solutes in both flexible and stiff polymer systems. Equation (73) is an example of the so-called stretched exponential function discussed further later. 

It is also possible to synthesize metallic nanopartides with k- and i-carrageenan [59]. Both Ag and Au nanoparticles have considerable potential for biochemical analysis [60]. The advantage of Ag nanoparticles is that the range of dyes which remain effective in biological media is much more extensive. On the other hand, in some biological systems, such as cell suspensions, Ag can react positively with the cell and it is well know as a bactericide. Au, Ag and Cu nanoparticles have the ability to... 

Chitosan is insoluble at alkaline and neutral pH values but it can form salts with inorganic and organic acids such as hydrochloric acid, lactic add, acetic add and glutamic acid. In contrast to alginates and carrageenans in solution, the amino fundions of chitosan are protonated and the resultant soluble polysaccharide is... 

Red algae can produce many different polysaccharide structures, and four of these were examined, and differentiated, by means of the C-l region of their 13C-n.m.r. spectra.157 These were agar (24), K-carra-geenan (25 R = S03-Na+), partially desulfated K-carrageenan (25 R = S03-Na+ or H+), and i-carrageenan (26), three of which have predomi-... 

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