Candida antimicrobial agents

Antimicrobial agent Aspergillus niger Trichophyton mentagrophytes Candida aibicans... 

Superinfection As with other antimicrobial agents, superinfections caused by resistant organisms (eg. Pseudomonas or Candida species) can occur. 

Georgopapadakou, N.H. and Bertasso, A. (1992) Effects of squalene epoxidase inhibitors on Candida albicans. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 36, 1779-1781. 

Only three constituents have been reported from Broussonetia zeylanica, all by a group at the University of Peradeniya in Sri Lanka [89-91]. A major alkaloid, 8-hydroxyquinoline-4-carbaldehyde (55), was identified as an antimicrobial agent active against Staphyllococus aureus and Candida albicans (the levels of activity were not specified) [89] and then two minor compounds, 3,4 -dihydroxy-2,3 -bipyridine (56) and 3,4-bis(8-hydroxyquinolin-4-yl)-y-butyrolactone (broussonetine, 57), were reported, Fig. (10) [90,91]. However, the structure of 3,4 -dihydroxy-2,3 -bipyridine (56) was revised to 8-hydroxyquinoline-4-carbaldehyde oxime (58) by synthesis [92,93]. Also, it was noted that an artefactual origin of this oxime (58) could not be ruled out due to the presence of the corresponding aldehyde (55) [93]. 

Sable CA, Villanueva A, Arathon E, Gotuzzo E, Turcato G, Uip D, Noriega L, Rivera C, Rojas E, Taylor V, Berman R, Calandra GB, Chodakewitz J. A randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial of MK-991 (L-743,872) vs. amphotericin B (AMB) in the treatment of Candida esophagitis in admts. Abstracts of the 37th Interscience Comerence on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1997 LB-33. 

Guiliana G, Pizzo G, Milici ME, Giangreco R. In vitro activities of antimicrobial agents against Candida species. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999 87(1) 44-49. 

Sanglard, D., Ischer, F., Monod, M., and Bille, J. (1996) Susceptibilities of Candida albicans multidrug transporter mutants to various antiftmgal agents and other metabolic inhibitors. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 40, 2300-2305. 

MacPherson, S., Akache, B., Weber, S., De Deken, X., Raymond, M., and Turcotte, B. (2005) Candida albicans zinc cluster protein Upc2p confers resistance to antifungal drugs and is an activator of ergosterol biosynthetic genes. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 49, 1745-1752. 

Niimi, K., Maki, K., Ikeda, F., Holmes, A.R., Lamping, E., Niimi, M., Monk, B.C., and Cannon, R.D. (2006) Overexpression of Candida albicans CDRl, CDR2, or MDRl does not produce signifleant changes in echinocandin susceptibility. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 50, 1148-1155. 

Mirels, L.F., and Stevens, D.A. (2002) Resistance mechanisms in dinical isolates of Candida albicans. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 46, 1704-1713. 

Ben-Yaacoy R., Knoller, S., Caldwell, G.A., Becker, J.M., and Koltin, Y. (1994) Candida albicans gene encoding resistance to benomyl and methotrexate is a multidrug resistance gene. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 38, 648-652. 

Goldway, M., Teff, D., Schmidt, R., Oppenheim, A.B., and Koltin, Y. (1995) Multidrug resistance in Candida albicans disruption of the BENr gene. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 39, 422-426. 

Silver, P.M., Little, J.T., Choiniere, J., and White, T.C. (2005) Drug-induced regulation of the MDR 3 promoter in Candida albicans. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 49, 2785—2792. 

D.J., Ward, D.J., Marsden, K., and Bennett, J.E. (1998) Fluconazole resistance associated with drug efflux and increased transcription of a drug transporter gene, PDHl, in Candida glabrata. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 42, 1695-1701. 

Tsai, H.F., Krol, A.A., Sarti, K.E.. and Bennett, J.E. (2006) Candida glabrata PDRl, a transcriptional regulator of a pleiotropic drug resistance network, mediates azole resistance in clinical isolates and petite mutants. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 50. 1384—1392. 

Brun, S., Aubry, C., Hma. O., Filmon, R., Berges, T., Chabasse, D.. and Bouchara, J.P. (2003) Relationships between respiration and susceptibility to azole antifungals in Candida glabrata. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 47, 847-853. 

Cheng, S., Clancy, C.J., Nguyen, KT, Clapp, W, and Nguyen, M.H. (2007) A Candida albicans petite mutant strain with uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation overexpresses MDRl and has diminished susceptibility to fluconazole and voriconazole. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 51, 1855-1858. 

Vinjamuri et al. showed that radiolabeled ciprofloxacin (Infecton), a fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent that binds to the DNA gyrase in all dividing bacteria, could successfully discriminate between bacterial infections and sterile inflammations [152]. A further example of this class of tracers is Tc-labeled fluconazole. Lu-petti et al. showed that Tc-fluconazole is a very good marker for Candida albicans ... 

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