Candida albicans, inhibition

Fig. 11.5 E-test on an isolate of Candida albicans. Inhibition zone edges are distinct and the MICs for itraconazole (IT) and fluconazole (FL) (0.064 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L, respectively) are easily decipherable.

This is not discussed in detail since mechanisms of resistance have been carefully reviewed (Ghannoum and Rice 1999). It was pointed out that resistance has not been associated with modification of the structure. For the 1,2,4-triazoles that have been widely used, their effect is due to inhibition of the synthesis of ergosterol that is the dominant component of fungal cell membranes. Resistance is generally associated with modification of the target enzymes, for example, the epoxidation of squalene (Terbinafine) or 14a-demethylase (Fluconazole). Resistance of Candida albicans to the azole antifungal agent fluconazole demonstrated, however, the simultaneous occurrence of several types of mechanism for resistance (Perea et al. 2001) ... 

De Luca A, Montagnoli C. Zelante T, Bonifazi P, Bozza S. Moretti S. D Angelo C, Vacca C, Boon L. Bistoni F. Puccetti P, Fallarino F, Romani L Functional yet balanced reactivity to Candida albicans requires both TRIF and MyD88 and IDO-dependent inhibition of Rare. J Immunol 2007 179 5999-6008. 

Trosken, E.R., Adamska, M., Arand, M., Zarn, J.A., Patten, G., Volkel, W. and Lutz, W.K. (2006) Comparison of lanosterol-14 alpha-demethylase (CYP51) of human and Candida albicans for inhibition by different antifungal azoles. Toxicology, 228, 24-32. 

Kalihinols G (277) and H (278) were trace components of a species of Acanthella from Guam and kalihinol X (279) was isolated from a Fijian species of Acanthella. All inhibited growth of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans [278]. 10-Epi-isokalihinol H (280) and 15-isothiocyanato-l-epi-kalihinene (281) were isolated from Acanthella cavernosa from the Seychelles [279]. A Japanese specimen of A. cavernosa contained a sesquiterpene isothiocyanate (282) and 10 3-formamido-5p-isothiocyanatokalihinol A (283). Structures were assigned by spectral data interpretation [280]. Phakellia pulcherrima from the Philippines contained the minor diterpene isothiocyanates kalihinol L (284), 10-isothiocyanatokalihinol G (285), 10-epi-kalihinol H (286) and 10-isothiocyanatokalihinol C (287) [281]. 10-Epi-kalihinol I (288) and 5,10-bisisothiocyanatokalihinol G (289) were isolated from an Acanthella sp. from Okinawa [282]. 

The killing of both Candida albicans and Schistosoma mansoni by PMNs appeared to be dependent on myeloperoxidase. The PMNs from patients either with deficiency of myeloperoxidase or with chronic granulomatous disease killed C. albicans poorly A cell-free system of myeloperoxidase, a halide, and a source of H2O2 killed efficiently. AU the components of the system were necessary. Either catalase or inhibitors of myeloperoxidase inhibited the killing as did quenchers of O2. Similarly Schistosoma mansoni stimulated the formation of H2O2 by PMNs and was killed in a manner which was inhibited by catalase and by inhibitors of myeloperoxidase, CN and N3"... 

An Australian sponge Axinella sp. has afforded the novel axinellamines A-D (1310-1313), which exhibit activity against Helicobacter pylori (1301). The similar massadine (1314) from the Japanese sponge Stylissa aff. massa inhibits geranylger-anyltransferase type I and the fungus Candida albicans (1302). Like many of these 2-aminoimidazole alkaloids, 1310-1314 were isolated as acid salts trifluoroacetic acid salts in these cases. 

Klausmeyer P, McCloud TG, Tucker KD, Cardellina IIJH, Shoemaker RH (2005) Aspirochlorine Class Compounds from Aspergillus flavus Inhibit Azole-Resistant Candida albicans. J Nat Prod 68 1300... 

In vitro, allicin has demonstrated activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi (Candida albicans), protozoa (Entamoeba histolytica), and certain viruses. The primary mechanism involves the inhibition of thiol-containing enzymes needed by these microbes. The... 

When Candida albicans was treated with bifonazole or clotrimazole, the expected accumulation of the ergosterol precursor 24-methy-lenedihydrolanosterol was observed (Figure 17). This was an indication that both compounds inhibit the cytochrome P -dependent C -demethylation. Using 2.5 ug /ml clotrimazole, dihydrolanosterol accumulates, which is known to regulate the HMG-CoA-reductase by a... 

---