Canada heat pumps

Caneta Research Inc., 2003. Design Options For Ground Source Heat Pump Systems, Public Works Canada, 22 pp., ftp //ftp.tech-env.com/pub/ultraLow/gshp.pdf. 

Beckmann, J., and W. Albers, 1996. Air Conditioning and Dehumidification by a Lithium Bromide/Lithium Chloride Liquid Desiccant Technology, InAb-Sorption96 International Ab-Sorption Heat Pump Conference, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec, Canada, pp. 697-702. 

The ratio of the total heat output of the heat pump to the quantity of electric energy input to the heat pump is called the heat effect or coefficient of performance (COP). This value depends on the temperature gradient, but is typically around 3-4 for an output temperature of 30 °C (and can be higher). Canada specifies a minimum COP of 3.0 for all ground source heat pumps rated below 35 kW (Bouma 2002). 

Moreover, mine-water-based heat pump systems have been installed in Canada, the USA, Scandinavia, and Scotland, and have been demonstrated to be a realistic alternative space-heating and -cooling solution. 

Beutler, A., Hoffmann, L., Ziegler, E., Alefeld, G., Gommed, K., Grossman, G., and Shavit, A. (1996) Experimental Investigation of Heat and Mass Transfer on Horizontal and Vertical Tubes, Proceedings of the International Ab-Sorption Heat Pump Conference, Montreal, Canada, pp. 409-419. 

A. Beutler, E. Ziegler, G. Alefeld, International Absorption Heat Pump Conference, Montreal, Canada, 1996, 303-309. 

A number of countries, including Austria, Canada, China, Denmark, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States, have also established national heat-pump research institutes or government programs supporting heat-pump research. 

Natural Resources Canada provides online access to RETScreen International, a standardized renewable energy project analysis software program that features case studies and free ground-source heat-pump project modeling. The Canadian Office of Energy Efficiency provides information about heat-pump applications. 

The Earth Energy Society of Canada is an organization that was established by a small group of industry members to promote groimd-source heat-pump systems. The organization provides information about the technology, a list of members, and a directory of International Ground-Source Heat Pump Association-accredited system contractors located across the cormtry. 

In the United States, the Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium encompasses all aspects of the ground-source heat-pump industry, including contractors, manufacturers, drillers, installers, engineers, and system designers. It maintains a list of professionals in Canada and the United States and provides information about case studies, current projects, incentive programs, and offers training and events. 

The heat pump dryer depends on the properties of CFCs and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) to enable (1) heat recovery (2) sensible heating and cooling and (3) dehumidification. CFCs and HCFCs are widely used throughout the food industry as described in Table 47.6. The principal CFC refrigerants in current use are R502 and R12, while the principal HCFC in use is R22. It is estimated that the total usage of these refrigerants in the food sector in Canada is about 1800 t/year (TCEA, 1995). 

Usually the outflow temperature shows no seasonal variations. Thus such waters represent an interesting potential for direct use, provided that potential heat consumers are situated at or near the portals. Contrary to the use of mine waters for space heating, as for example in Canada (Sanner 1993) or Germany (Bussmann 1994), where electrical energy is needed to lift the warm waters from the drowned mines to the surface, there is no need for pumps in the case of tunnel waters. 

Portable batch plants have also been built to melt and blend composites on-site. These are useful for larger applications where multiple batches of composite are required. One such unit, built and maintained in Canada, consists of two steam-heated vessels mounted on a common skid. They can be used to convert sulfur into composites or to melt preblended composite delivered to the site in solid form. The vessels have capacities of 1500 and 800 gal. The pump and manifold system has a dual function to transfer sulfur and composite to and from the vessels or to spray-apply composite directly from the tanks via heated hoses. 

---