Calcium retention supplements

Dietary phosphorus also affects calcium metabolism. Polyphosphate decreases calcium absorption in young men while orthophosphate supplement does not (26J. However, in the rat all forms of phosphate decrease calcium absorption about equally (31). However, widely divergent dietary calcium phosphorus ratios do not seem to affect calcium utilization by people as long as there is adequate phosphorus intake (32). In general phosphorus stimulates calcium retention in man (3277... 

Table VII shows the calcium balance of zinc-fed and non-zinc-fed rats supplemented with 0.8% calcium and/or phosphorus. Marked increases in fecal calcium and corresponding decreases in apparent calcium retentions in the zinc-fed rats could be reversed with calcium supplementation. Phosphorus supplements appeared to be associated with increases in calcium retention in the absence of zinc, but decreases in calcium retention in the presence of zinc without calcium supplementation. Decreases in fecal calcium were noted in animals fed calcium supplements in the presence of phosphorus or zinc. High levels of zinc were associated with increases in fecal calcium excretion in the absence of extra calcium or in the presence of extra phosphorus. Calcium supplementation was generally associated with a decrease in the urinary excretion of calcium, while zinc and phosphorus supplements were generally associated with an increase in urinary calcium excretion.

Table VII. Effects of Calcium, Phosphorus, and Zinc Supplements on Calcium Retention in Young Rats...

Even though osteoporosis may not be preventable by increasing calcium intake, there are reports that calcium supplements have induced calcium retention and relieved symptoms. This may reflect the fact that, although the efficiency of absorption decreases with the amount of calcium in the diet, the total amount of calcium actually retained increases. 

High levels of dietary zinc were associated with marked decreases in bone calcium deposition and in the apparent retention of calcium in male weanling albino rats. Marked increases in fecal calcium levels were also observed in the zinc-fed rats. Excessive dietary zinc was associated with a shifting of phosphorus excretion from the urine to the feces. This resulted in an increase in fecal phosphorus and provided an environmental condition which would increase the possibility of the formation of insoluble calcium phosphate salts and a subsequent decrease in calcium bioavailability. The adverse effect of high dietary zinc on calcium status in young rats could be alleviated and/or reversed with calcium supplements. 

Table VIII shows the phosphorus balance of zinc-fed and non-zinc-fed rats supplemented with 0.8% calcium and/or phosphorus. A dietary level of 0.75% zinc was associated with decreases in the apparent retention of phosphorus, and these data support the findings of Sadasivan (2-4). Calcium supplements were associated with slight increases in the retention of phosphorus, while phos-...

In addition, gelatin peptides have shown to accelerate absorption of dietary calcium in animal models increasing calcium bioavailability (Kim et al., 1998). Jung et al. (2006) reported that fish bone peptides (FBP) could inhibit the formation of insoluble Ca salts in neutral pFI. During the experimental period, Ca retention was increased and loss of bone mineral was decreased by FBP II supplementation in ovariectomized rats. The levels of femoral total Ca, bone mineral density, and strength were also significantly increased by the FBP diet to levels similar to those of the casein phosphopeptide diet group. 

There seems to be little reason to suspect that the elderly have a tendency to be deficient, or even marginally deficient, in zinc (Wood et ai, 1995). On the other hand, an emerging concern is that Increased calcium irrtake can interfere with zinc absorption or retention (Sandstcad and Smith, 1996). A study of postmenopausal women revealed that supplements of zinc plus calcium seemed to prevent bone loss, while supplements of calcium only permitted bone loss (Strause etal., 1994), Hence, there is some interest in the question of whether persons taking calcium, with the possible effect of preventing osteoporosis, should also take zinc supplements. 

Lewis, N. M Marcus, M. S., Behling, A- K., and Creger, J. L. (1989). Calcium supplements and milk Effects on acid-base balance and on retention of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Am.Cfin. Wulr. 49,527-533. 

Magnesium is involved with many neuromuscular activities and cellular pathways that may affect PMS. Low intracellular magnesium levels have been reported in women with PMS compared with controls. It has been suggested that PMS may be related to an increased serum calcium-to-magnesium ratio. Daily or luteal magnesium supplementation of 200-360 mg/day was reported to be minimally helpful in reducing premenstrual fluid retention in women with PMS. A daily supplementation of 200 mg magnesium and 50 mg pyridoxine was found to reduce anxiety-related premenstrual symptoms in women with PMS compared with placebo. ... 

Abnormalities in calcium or parathyroid hormone homeostasis may be a factor in depression. Significant fluctuations in calcitonin, a calcium-regulating hormone, and low plasma calcium levels during the menstrual cycle may play a part in the etiology of PMS. Calcium influx into brain cells is involved with the release of many neurotransmitters. Calcium supplementation (e.g., 1200-1600 mg/day of calcium carbonate in two divided doses) has been shown to reduce premenstrual symptoms such as anxiety, depression, irritability, mood swings, headache, fluid retention, and cramps. " " Calcium supplementation may help to prevent osteoporosis later in life, and it is a relatively safe and inexpensive treatment. ... 

Vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes— Studies have shown that during moderate to severe stresses, more zinc, copper, magnesium, and calcium are lost in the urine. Furthermore, stress results in altered blood levels of vitamins A and C, and of zinc and iron. Also, part of the response to stress includes water and sodium retention, via veisopressin and aldosterone secretion. As for the water-soluble vitamins—thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine (B-6), pantothenic acid, folic acid, and vitamin C stress increases their requirement. However, no dietary recommendations are made for these nutrients for individuals under stressful situations. Still, it seems wise to supply some supplementation before deficiency symptoms appear. 

Tamarind food supplementation enhances the excretion of excess fluoride and the retention of calcium in children living in fluoride endemic areas."... 

Hunt, C.D., Herbel, J.L., Nielsen, RH. Metabolic responses of postmenopausal women to supplemental dietary boron and aluminum during usual and low magnesium intake Boron, calcium, and magnesium absorption and retention and blood mineral concentrations. Am. J. Clirr Nutr. 1997 65 803-813. 

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