Cadmium dose-response relationship

Cadmium levels in blood are generally recognised as a biomarker of recent exposure to cadmium. It can also be used as biomarker of cumulative internal dose and accumulation of cadmium, buf only when fhere is long-term (decade long) continuous exposure, for example in subsistence farmers consuming their own crops. Cadmium levels in urine are a widely recognised biomarker of cumulative internal dose, kidney and body burden of Cd. Dose-response relationships between urinary Cd and occurrence of kidney effects are described in the subsequent sections of this chapter "Sweden", "Japan", "Belgium", and "Other countries". 

Dose-response relationship between cadmium exposure and renal effects... 

Kjellstrom T. Critical organs, critical concentrations, and whole body dose-response relationships, in Cadmium and health a toxicological and epidemiological appraisal. Volume II effects and response. Friberg L, Elinder C-G, Kjellstrom T, Nordberg GF (editors). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida 1986 p. 231-246. 

Wulf HC, Kromann N, Kousgaard N, et al. 1986. Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in Greenlandic Eskimos Dose-response relationship between SCE and seal diet, smoking, and blood cadmium and mercury concentrations. Sci Total Environ 48 81-94. 

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a loss of bone mass and density that has been causally related to exposure to cadmium, a toxic heavy metal that is widely distributed in the ambient environment. In a Chinese study, a dose-response relationship between cadmium exposure and osteoporosis was demonstrated. M Other studies have demonstrated that... 

Kobayashi E, Obuko Y, Suzanowo Y, Kido T and Nogawa K (2002) Dose-response relationship between total cadmium intake calculated from the cadmium concentration in rice collected from each... 

Nordberg G, Jin T, Wu X, Lu J, Chen L, Liang Y, Lei L, Hong F, Bergdahl lA, Nordberg M. 2012. Kidney dysfunction and cadmium exposure—factors influencing dose-response relationships. J Trace Elem Med Biol 26(2-3) 197-200. 

The primary sites for cadmium-associated cancer appear to be the lung and the prostate (L-140-50). Evidence for an association between cancer and cadmium exposure derives from both epidemiological studies and animal experiments. Mortality from prostate cancer associated with cadmium is slightly elevated in several industrial cohorts, but the number of cases is small and there is not clear dose-response relationship. More substantive evidence exists for lung cancer. 

One study (Thun et al. 1985) contains sufficiently quantitative estimates of cadmium exposure to allow evaluation of dose-response relationships between cadmium exposure and lung cancer. A statistically significant excess of lung cancer attributed to cadmium exposure was found in this study, even after accounting for confounding variables such as coexposure to arsenic and smoking habits (Meridian Research, Inc. 1989). 

Ishizaki M., Kido T, Honda R., Tsuritani I., Yamada Y, Nakagawa H., and Nogawa K. (1989). Dose-response relationship between urinary cadmium and B-2-mlCToglo-bulin in a Japanese environmentally cadmium exposed population. Toxicology, 58, 121-131. 

In summary, it can be concluded that the probability of developing Cd-induced renal dysfunction in male Cd workers appears to be very low when the critical CdU level of 10 yg/g creatinine is not regularly exceeded. This CdU level corresponds to an average cadmium body burden of 160 mg. From the dose-response relationship between CdB and the prevalence of signs of renal dysfunction, at least in workers currently exposed to cadmium, a value of 1 yg Cd/100 ml whole blood is proposed as a tentative no-effect level for long-term Cd exposure (Buchet et al. 1980b). 

Muller S, Gillert KE, Krause C, Jautzke G, Gross U, Diamantstein T (1979) Effects of cadmium on the immune system of mice. Experientia 35 909-910 Nakashima K, Wakisaka T, Fujiki Y (1988) Dose-response relationship of cadmium embryotoxicity in cultured mouse embryos. Reprod Toxicol 1 293-298 Niewenhuis KJ, Prozialeck WC (1987) Calmodulin inhibitors protect against cadmium induced testicular damage in mice. Biol Reprod 37 127-133 Nogawa K, Tsuritani I, Kido T, Honda R, Yamada Y, Ishizaki M (1987) Mechanism for bone disease found in inhabitants environmentally exposed to cadmium decreased 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D level. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 59 21-30... 

Sillman, A., Bolnick, D., Bosetti, ]., Haynes, L. and Walter, A. (1982) The effects of lead and of cadmium on the mass photoreceptor potential the dose-response relationship. 

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