Cadmium blood

Another occupational study compared 53 lead-exposed male workers (2 nonwhite, 51 white) (mean PbB, 47.4 pg/dL range, 44-51 pg/dL) from a plant processing lead and cadmium compounds with a control group of 52 workers (8 nonwhite, 44 white) (mean PbB, 8.1 pg/dL, with none exceeding 20 pg/dL) from a nonlead industry (de Kort et al. 1987). Blood pressure levels were positively correlated with PbB and urine cadmium levels, but not with blood cadmium levels. The correlation for systolic blood pressure and PbB level remained significant after controlling for confounding variables. 

Blood-cadmium concenhations in non-smokers are less than 0.0025 jiLg/ml whereas smokers may exhibit concentrations of up to 0.0065 iiig/ml 50 to 70% of the cadmium is present in erythrocytes. Symptoms of cadmium toxicity appear at blood concenhations of 0.015 ag/ml or more. Concentrations in the urine, although variable, may be of a similar order to those found in blood. 

See also Blood Cadmium Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome Lead Radiation Toxicology, Ionizing and Nonionizing Tissue Repair Vitamin D. 

Wulf HC, Kromann N, Kousgaard N, et al. 1986. Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in Greenlandic Eskimos Dose-response relationship between SCE and seal diet, smoking, and blood cadmium and mercury concentrations. Sci Total Environ 48 81-94. 

The majorsourceofeadmium exposure in the general population is in tobacco smoke, with smokers having blood cadmium levels twice that of non-smokers. 

Watanabe T, Qu JB, Jin C, Liu YT, Yin SN, Nakatsuka H, Seiji K, Inoue O and Ikeda M (1989a) Blood cadmium levels in the populations of 3 Chinese cities. Toxicol Lett 47 145-153. 

Watanabe, T., Nakatsuka. H., Seiji, K., Inoue, 0., Cho, K.S., Lee, K.M., Lee, B.K., Lee, S.H., and Ikeda, M. (1989b). Blood cadmium levels in the population of Masan, Korea, and Miyagi, Japan an inter-regional comparison. Toxicol Lett. 4Z155-163. 

In the framework of the system of monitoring the environment impact on population health in the Czech Republic the concentrations of cadmium blood and urine were measured in adults (n = 670), children (n = 599) and umbilical blood (n = 549) using AAS. The median blood cadmium level in adults (0.90 p.g/1. 

Andrzejak et al. (1993) measured cadmium concentration in blood of people (n = 60, including 28 children) living in a village 900 m from a copper smelter in Legnica. The average blood cadmium concentration 28 7 p.g/1 (children 19 4 p.g/1) pointed to the contamination of the surroundings of the copper smelter. 

Zielonka, E., Wodzien, M., 1993. Blood cadmium and lead levels among children in Cracow. Folia. Med. Cracov 34, 85-96. 

Based on Tables 8.6 and 8.7, it appears from the blood samples taken prior to treatment (Wq) that the average blood cadmium level at (2.63 0.1902) ppm/cm and plumbum level at (1.35 0.5008) ppm/cm and after the third treatment every other day for 2 weeks there was a decrease in blood cadmium levels as proved in treatment A, A2, and A3. This is caused by the influence of carrots—eaten an average of 200 g per day—which contains cadmium and plumbum at 0.02 ppm and 0.05 ppm. Thus, it affects the content of cadmium and plumbum in the blood of rabbits. Under the same conditions, the examination of the fourth week of a decline in cadmium and plumbum levels in all treatments... 

The treatment was then stopped because the results of the analysis of blood cadmium levels in some rabbits were not detected and the mean cadmium levels were (0.13 0.2299) ppm/cm and plumbum was not detected [34]. 

This means that the administration of 10 mg corn cobs hemiceiiuiose for 10 weeks can reduce cadmium levels of 2.50 ppm or 95.05% and plumbum levels of 1.24 ppm or 88.49%. On the other hand, F test [17, 47] results show that the statistical analysis before treatment (Wq) to check on shows no significant difference. This means that the process of the treatment of three types of treatment for 10 weeks can reduce blood cadmium and plumbum levels in rabbits. In other words, corn cobs hemicelluloses can be used as an ingredient to reduce cadmium and plumbum levels in the blood as shown graphically in Figs. 8.6 and 8.7. 

Treatment was stopped due to blood cadmium and plumbum levels in several rabbits are not detected meaning that the administration of 10 mg corn cobs hemicellulose with a period of 10 weeks can reduce exposure to cadmium and plumbum levels in the blood. This also means when corn cobs hemicellulose is given in greater weight, it will affect the essential minerals needed by the body in large quantities such as calcium, iron, zinc, sodium, potassium, etc. Therefore, it is worried that it would also reduce levels of these essential minerals [34]. 

Navas-Acien, A., M. TeUez-Plaza, E. Guallar, P. Muntner, E. SUbergeld, B. Jaar, and V. Weaver. 2009. Blood cadmium and lead and chronic kidney disease in US adults A joint analysis. Am. J. Epidemiol. 170(9) 1156-1164. 

Table 4—Blood cadmium concentrations of U.S. population not occupationally exposed to cadmium...

Table 5—Blood cadmium in workers exposed to cadmium in the workplace...

Signs of renal dysfunction (at least one parameter elevated) were found in 15 active Cd workers (subgroup A2) and in 18 workers removed from Cd exposure because of retirement or change of job (subgroup R2). The frequency distributions of their cadmium levels in blood (CdB), urine. (CdU), liver (CdL), and kidney cortex (CdKc) are shown in Fig. 1 and are compared with those found in active Cd workers with normal kidney function (subgroup Alb). These results revealed (a) CdB in R2-workers is not different from that found in active workers supporting the hypothesis that Cd-induced kidney damage is associated with an increase in blood cadmium (Lauwerys et al. 1976) (b) CdU in R2-work-... 

Umbilical cord blood levels of cadmium tend to be 40%-70% of maternal blood levels, indicating that the placenta provides an incomplete barrier to fetal cadmium exposure. However, one study has shown a positive correlation between maternal blood cadmium levels and placental cadmium concentration. Human infants are born with very low tissue levels of cadmium. 

However, proteinuria is not specific to cadmium, but can also occur after exposure to other nephrotoxic agents or due to various kidney diseases. In summary, cadmium in urine and blood are the most specific biomarkers of cadmium exposure. A combination of parameters of exposure (cadmium in blood, cadmium in urine) and parameters of effect (e.g., (32-M, RBP) is required to reveal cadmium-induced nephrological effects. 

Keywords AAS analysis biomonitoring blood cadmium ICP-MS immunoassay urine... 

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