C. pneumoniae

Community Typical S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis Atypical M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila... 

The vast majority of pneumonia cases acquired in the community by otherwise healthy adults are due to S. pneumoniae (pneumococcus) (up to 75% of all acute bacterial pneumonias in the United States). Other common bacterial causes include M. pneumoniae, Legionella, and C. pneumoniae, which are referred to as atypical pathogens. Community-acquired... 

Adult (community- acquired) Pneumococcus, Mycoplasma, Legionella, H influenzae, aureus, C pneumonia, conforms Outpatient Macrolide,4 amoxicillin, tetracycline Outpatient Quinolone... 

C. pneumoniae, formally designated the TWAR agent, after the laboratory designations for the first two isolates, is a relatively recently identified pathogen antigenically similar to C. psittaci. C. pneumoniae infection is ubiquitous worldwide, but only a small percentage of... 

With no comorbidity, the most common organisms associated with a community-acquired pneumonia are At. pneumonia, C. pneumoniae, and viruses. In smokers, the pneumococcus becomes a more frequent pathogen, Macrolide antibiotics have activity against most strains of these organisms (other than viruses) and are therefore commonly used in the treatment of a community-acquired pneumonia. 

In community-acquired pneumonia, pathogens responsible for infection include pneumococci, gram-negative rods, and atypicals such as M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae. Which one of the following drugs used as monotherapy is most likely to be both effective and safe, if your patient is pregnant ... 

Hammerschlag el al. [240] reviewed the effectiveness of azithromycin in CAP caused by C. pneumoniae in adult, pediatric, and hospitalized adults in four comparative and three noncomparative CAP trials. Azithromycin was as effective as the comparator antibiotic regimen in aU settings with 83-91 % experiencing a satisfactory clinical response. 

Use of parenteral azithromycin for the treatment of CAP was approved in the United States based on the results of two large clinical trials in hospitalized patients with CAP, including a large comparative trial where azithromycin was shown to be as effective as cefuroxime with or without erythromycin [218]. Parenteral formulation of azithromycin is currently approved in the United States for mild to moderate pneumonia in adults due to C. pneumoniae, Mycobacterium pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Moraxella catarrhalis, S. aureus, or S. pneumoniae in hospitalized patients who require initial parenteral therapy. The recommended regimen is 500 mg daily for at least 2 days, followed by daily oral azithromycin to complete a 7- to 10-day course. Due to the rising rates of macrolide-resistant S. pneumoniae in some areas, physicians should avoid using I.V. azithromycin as monotherapy in patients with severe CAP, particularly in a very ill patient with multiple comorbidities with known risk factors for penicillin-resistant... 

Ekesbo, R., Nilsson, P.M., Lindholm, L.H., Persson, K., and Wadstrom, T. 2000. Combined sero-positivity for H. pylori and C. pneumoniae is associated with age, obesity and social factors. J. Cardiovasc. Risk 7, 191-195. 

Trends Annual incidence varies considerably because of periodic outbreaks. A decline in reported cases since 1988 may be the result of improved diagnostic tests that distinguish C.psittaci from more common C. pneumoniae infections. 

The role of monocytes has been reviewed in ref. 171 Neopterin, a marker of macrophage activation, was higher in patients with unstable angina compared with patients with stable angina independent of C. pneumoniae seropositivity (172). 

The first inflammatory stage of atherosclerosis starts early in life with more severe lesions developing only if classical risk factors, especially cholesterol, remain present. Immune responses mounted against antigens cross-react with homologous host proteins in a form of molecular mimicry, for example, HSP are secreted by C. pneumoniae, H. pylori, mammalian vascular cells exposed to stress such as CVD risk factors, and cells within atherosclerotic plaques In addition, serum titers of anti-HSP antibodies are correlated positively with the future risk of CHD, and purified anti-HSP antibodies lyse stressed human EC and macrophages in vitro. Furthermore, immunization with HSP exacerbate athersclerosis in animal models (reviewed in refs. 212,213). However, there is molecular mimicry between epitopes of oxLDL and Streptococcus pneumonia in LDLR -/- mice pneumococcal immunization led to increased IgM levels against oxLDL and decreased the extent of atherosclerosis (214). 

The role of C. pneumoniae has been reviewed in ref. 221. Also, there is a significant association between infectious burden and the extent of atherosclerosis (222) the IgG antibody response to multiple pathogens is an independent risk factor for endothelial dysfunction and the presence and severity of CVD (223). 

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