Butyric acid, structure

L-Canavanine [the L-2-amino-4-(guanidinooxy)butyric acid structural analog of L-arginine] (37) is widely distributed in the subfamily Lotoideae (Papilionoideae) of the Fabaceae and, despite some reports to the contrary, is restricted apparently to that family (Bell, 1981 Turner and Harbome, 1967). 

Acetylated polysaccharides form part of the structure of wood, the acetyl radical constituting some 2-5Vo by weight of the dry wood. Hydrolysis to free acetic acid occurs in the presence of moisture at a rate varying from one species to another a wood of lower acetyl content can liberate acetic acid much faster under given conditions than another wood of higher content Small quantities of formic, propionic and butyric acids are also formed but their effects can be neglected in comparison with those of acetic acid. There is a broad, but only a broad, correlation between the corrosivity of a wood and its acidity. The chemistry of acetyl linkage in wood and of its hydrolysis has been examined in some detail. ... 

According to a hypothesis launched by Larionov et al in the 1960s, some new nitrogen mustard derivatives were developed. They contain metabolites and heterocyclic structures as carriers of the cytotoxic chloroethylamine groups. By this way the synthesis of aliylating metabolites started melphalan (sarcolysine) as L- or DL-phenylalanine derivative prospidine with a tricyclic piperazine moiety and chlorambucil as butyric acid derivative. It was proven that each alkylating metabolite has its own spectrum of selective antitumor activity. 

Ruthenium source Promoter structure conversion (° ) Propionic (mole Butyric Valeric Butyric acids n/iso ratio... 

There is another structure which, although it does not represent a typical azomethine compound, is synthesized from nickel complexes of the anilide of di-imino butyric acid (35). 

Here we have another example of the sensitivity of biological activity, in this case aroma, to chemical structure replacing a hydrogen atom in butyric acid by a methyl group to yield methyl butyrate moves us from foul to pleasing. 

The compounds investigated were the amino acids L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-valine, and L-a-amino butyric acid. These compounds have similar molecular structures, as shown in Figure 2, and will be referred to throughout the present work as L-Ile, L-Leu, L-Val, and L-a-ABA. Where there is little likelihood of confusion, the designation L- will be omitted. Operations examined included crystallization of He through the addition of hydrochloric acid and through cooling. Under acidic conditions He crystallizes as a hydrochloride salt while in the vicinity of the isoelectric point (pH 5.2) it crystallizes as the neutral zwitterionic... 

Melphalan Melphalan, L-3-[p-[bis-(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl]alanine (30.2.1.13), is a structural analog of chlorambucil in which the butyric acid fragment is replaced with an aminoacid fragment, alanine. This drug is synthesized from L-phenylalanine, the nitration of... 

Some common fatty acids and their sources. Note that the expanded structure is shown for butyric acid and condensed structures for the other acids. 

Pantothenic acid (6.25) is a dimethyl derivative of butyric acid linked to / -alanine. Pantothenate is part of the structure of co-enzyme A (CoA), and... 

Cyclotriveratrylene/1180-60-5] (34) is a cyclocondensation product of veratrole with formaldehyde. It possesses a stable trigonal crown conformation and forms crystalline inclusion compounds with benzene, chlorobenzene, toluene, thiophene, decalin, chloroform, acetone, carbon disulfide, acetic acid, and butyric acid (101). Their structures consist of columns of cyclotriveratrylene molecules that are not amenable to close packing and provide channels into which the guests are accommodated. A number of modified host structures, derived from prototype (34) have been prepared. The hexaphenol analogue cyclotricatechylene also yields well-defined channel inclusions (101). They involve mosdy polar guests and the structures are held by hydrogen bonding. 

Resolution of racemic alcohols by acylation (Table 6) is as popular as that by hydrolysis. Because of the simplicity of reactions in nonaqueous media, acylation routes are often preferred. As in hydrolytic reactions, selectivity of esterification may depend on the structure of the acylating agent. Whereas Candida cylindracea lipase-catalyzed acylation of racemic-Ot-methylbenzyl alcohol [98-85-1] (59) with butyric acid has an enantiomeric value E of 20, acylation with dodecanoic acid increases the E value to 46 (16). Not only acids but also anhydrides are used as acylating agents. Pseudomonasjl. lipase (PFL), for example, catalyzed acylation of OC-phenethanol [98-85-1] (59) with acetic anhydride in 42% yield and 92% selectivity (74). 

Butanol structure Reaction time (h) Butyric acid (mg/mL) Water content (ppm) Molar conversion (%)... 

Therapeutic Function Antiinflammatory, Analgesic Chemical Name 2-(p-Isobutylphenyl)butyric acid Common Name Butilopan Structural Formula ... 

The high-value HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor Simvastatin (8) is marketed by Merck under the name Zocor. The active ingredient is obtained from a fermentation approach. It is very similar in structure to lovastatin, which has fallen from the top-sellers list. Lovastatin (9) is also a cholesterol-reducing drug that is isolated from Aspergillus terreus.51-60 It is still obtained by fermentation,61 and with the current advances in molecular biology,62 64 chemical approaches are not able to compete in a cost-effective manner.65-67 The usage of lipases allows for the manipulation of the butyric acid sidechain to access other HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors such as simvastatin.68 A number of routes to various portions of lovastatin have been reported.69... 

The Tang group combined the chiral pyrrolidine core with a thiourea function (Scheme 2.43) [29]. Optimal reaction conditions were obtained with 26 under solvent-free conditions and in the presence of n-butyric acid as additive (10 mol%) at 0 °C (Scheme 2.43). The high selectivity of the addition was attributed to the formation of a rigid three-dimensional H-bonded structure in the transition state, in which the enamine was positioned at the correct distance compared to the nitroolefin and allowed an addition from the Re-face of the enamine. 

To further explore the environment inside such hexameric hosts, Atwood and coworkers performed structural characterization and spectrofluorometric studies of the capsule-bound fluorescent probe molecule pyrene butyric acid (PBA) 52 [71]. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies on 52 (50b)6 show not only that encapsulated guests interact with the host walls in the solid state, but also that the n surfaces of the guest molecules are well separated from one another within the capsule. The spectroscopic studies in solution corroborated this finding and revealed an average of 1.5 molecules of 52 per capsule. The assembly remains intact over four weeks in the solution phase, suggesting that the carboxylic acid groups and the polyaromatic nature of 52 do not destabilize the overall supramolecular assembly. 

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