Butyl isobutyl

The lUPAC rules permit cer tain common alkyl group names to be used These include n propyl isopropyl n butyl sec butyl isobutyl tert butyl and neopentyl (Section 2 13)... 

The polymeric products can be made to vary widely in physical properties through controlled variation in the ratios of monomers employed in thek preparation, cross-linking, and control of molecular weight. They share common quaHties of high resistance to chemical and environmental attack, excellent clarity, and attractive strength properties (see Acrylic ester polymers). In addition to acryHc acid itself, methyl, ethyl, butyl, isobutyl, and 2-ethylhexyl acrylates are manufactured on a large scale and are available in better than 98—99% purity (4). They usually contain 10—200 ppm of hydroquinone monomethyl ether as polymerization inhibitor. 

Property Methyl Ethyl -Butyl Isobutyl 2-Ethylhexyl... 

Methyl Ethyl Isopropyl Allyl -Butyl Isobutyl Methoxyeth yi Ethoxyethyl... 

Methyl Ethyf Butyl Isobutyl Methoxyethyl Ethoxyethyl... 

The acetates of most alcohols are also commercially available and have diverse uses. Because of their high solvent power, ethyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, amyl, and isoamyl acetates are used in ceUulose nitrate and other lacquer-type coatings (see Cellulose, esters). Butyl and hexyl acetates are exceUent solvents for polyurethane coating systems (see Coatings Urethane polymers). Ethyl, isobutyl, amyl, and isoamyl acetates are frequentiy used as components in flavoring (see Flavors and spices), and isopropyl, benzyl, octyl, geranyl, linalyl, and methyl acetates are important additives in perfumes (qv). 

Komori and Nonaka132,133 electrochemically oxidized methyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, r-butyl and cyclohexyl phenyl sulfides (108) and cyclohexyl p-tolyl sulfide (109) to their sulfoxides using a variety of polyamino acid-coated electrodes to obtain the range of e.e. values shown in parentheses. The highest enantiomeric purities were obtained using an electrode doubly coated with polypyrrole and poly(L-valine), an electrode which also proved the most durable of those prepared. 

A major problem with the sulfoxide synthesis using menthyl sulfmates is its failure to produce optically pure dialkyl sulfoxides. The prerequisite menthyl alkanesulfinates are oils which have resisted separation into the individual epimers. The menthyl phenyl methanesulfmates are an exception the R epimer is crystalline . One solution to this problem, at least for preparing methyl alkyl sulfoxides, was achieved using cholesteryl methanesulfmates (27) . Both epimers were crystalline and could be separated by fractional crystallization, although in poor yield. Treatment of the epimers with n-propyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, p-tolyl and benzyl magnesium halides yielded the respective methyl alkyl sulfoxides (28) in greater than 95% e.e. and in 32 to 53% yields. 

The adhesive marketed under the tradename Superglue contains the monomer methyl a-cyanoacrylate (Fig. 14.5.1). A variety of cyanoacrylates are commercially sold as contact adhesives with the alkyl group -R denoted in Fig. 14.5.2 varying from a methyl group to produce ethyl, isopropyl, allyl, butyl, isobutyl,... 

Conversely, vesicants have also been thickened with various substances to enhance deployment, increase their persistency, and increase the risk of percutaneous exposure. Thickeners include polyalkyl methacrylates (methyl, ethyl, butyl, isobutyl), poly(vinyl acetate), polystyrene, plexiglas, alloprene, polychlorinated isoprene, nitrocellulose, as well as bleached montan and lignite waxes. Military thickener K125 is a mixture of methyl, ethyl, and butyl polymethacrylates. When thickened, agents become sticky with a consistency similar to honey. Typically, not enough thickener is added to affect either the color or odor of the agent. 

Methyl arid ethyl acrylates are toxic enough to require a hazardous shipping label, bur butyl-, isobutyl-, and 2-ethyl hexyl-acrylates have high enough flash points to be considered safe. 

None Methyl Ethyl N-Propyl N-Butyl Isobutyl Alkyl Group Added to Wyodak Coal... 

Other carbamates such as ethyl-n-propyl, isopropyl, 3-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, n-amyl, isoamyl, 2-methylbutyI, 1-ethylpropyl, and 2-ethylhexyl carbamate were prepared in a manner similar to that described here for 2-ethylbutyl carbamate in 55-76 % yields [19]. Benzyl carbamate has also been reported to be prepared by this method in 91-94% yield [17]. 

By in situ MAS NMR spectroscopy, the Koch reaction was also observed upon co-adsorption of butyl alcohols (tert-butyl, isobutyl, and -butyl) and carbon monoxide or of olefins (Ao-butylene and 1-octene), carbon monoxide, and water on HZSM-5 (Ksi/ Ai — 49) under mild conditions (87,88). Under the same conditions, but in the absence of water (89), it was shown that ethylene, isobutylene, and 1-octene undergo the Friedel-Crafts acylation (90) to form unsaturated ketones and stable cyclic five-membered ring carboxonium ions instead of carboxylic acids. Carbonylation of benzene by the direct reaction of benzene and carbon monoxide on solid catalysts was reported by Clingenpeel et al. (91,92). By C MAS NMR spectroscopy, the formation of benzoic acid (178 ppm) and benzaldehyde (206 ppm) was observed on zeolite HY (91), AlC -doped HY (91), and sulfated zirconia (SZA) (92). 

In radical reactions not involving bromine or chlorine on die substrate, rearrangements are much rarer One example is the fluorination of di-tert butyl ketone which produces perfluorinated tert-butyl isobutyl ketone [35] Although isolated yields are poor only the rearranged ketone could be isolated This is perhaps only the second example of a 1,2-acyl shift Low fluonne substrate ratios show that this rearrangement occurs after monofluonnation... 

Property Methyl Ethyl Isopropyl Butyl Isobutyl... 

Tills is generally associated with the familiar alcoholic fermentation in which theoretically 100 parts of glucose are converted to 51.1 parts of ethyl alcohol (ethanol). 48.9 parts of carbon dioxide (CO/i. and heat. In addition, however, the anaerobic reaction also yields minor byproducts in small amounts—mainly glycerol, succinic acid, higher alcohols (fusel oil), 2,3-butanediol, and traces of acetaldehyde, acetic acid, and lactic acid. Fusel oil is a mixture of alcohols, including -propyl, -butyl, isobutyl, amyl, and isoamyl alcohols. 

The compounds of molecular formula C4H9C1 are the isomeric chlorides butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, and te/T-butyl chloride. 

Amyl nitrite is first synthesized. During the last decades of the twentieth century, amyl nitrite and similar compounds (e.g., butyl, isobutyl, isoamyl, isopropyl, and cyclohexyl nitrates and nitrites) become the chemical basis of poppers. ... 

---