Butanediol BDO

The annual production of BDO is about 1 million metric tons worldwide. BDO is used as a solvent, as a building block for polymers (e.g. PBT), but most importantly for the production of tetrahydrofuran (THE). Several industrial processes based on fossil feedstocks are used to produce BDO, for instance  

Genomatica and Tate Lyle are working on a plant with a capacity of 45 000 ton/year. Together with Novamont (Italy) a facility of approximately 18 000 ton/year is constructed in Adria (Italy). Production is expected to start in 2013. Moreover, together with Mitsubishi bio-BDO production on a commercial scale is planned in Asia. 

CH3OCO - CH2CH=CHCH2 - OCOCH3 CH3OCO - (CH2)4- OCOCH3 — 

There is the Lyondell Process, which uses propylene oxide to make BDO. In addition, Dairen of Taiwan uses propylene to make allyl alcohol, which is converted to BDO. 

In the 1990s, Davy Process Technology developed a process of esterification of maleic anhydride and subsequent hydrogenation to produce BDO. 

BASF is the largest producer of BDO, with plants in the United States, Germany, Korea, Malaysia, and Japan. Other producers are Gulf, Invista, ISP, Lyondell, Mitsubishi, Sichuan Tianhua in China, and Gulf Advanced in Saudi Arabia. Worldwide there is about 3 billion pounds of BDO capacity. 

BDO is used as a curing agent in polyurethane elastomer applications. 

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Hydrogenation. Gas-phase catalytic hydrogenation of succinic anhydride yields y-butyrolactone [96-48-0] (GBL), tetrahydrofiiran [109-99-9] (THF), 1,4-butanediol (BDO), or a mixture of these products, depending on the experimental conditions. Catalysts mentioned in the Hterature include copper chromites with various additives (72), copper—zinc oxides with promoters (73—75), and mthenium (76). The same products are obtained by hquid-phase hydrogenation catalysts used include Pd with various modifiers on various carriers (77—80), Ru on C (81) or Ru complexes (82,83), Rh on C (79), Cu—Co—Mn oxides (84), Co—Ni—Re oxides (85), Cu—Ti oxides (86), Ca—Mo—Ni on diatomaceous earth (87), and Mo—Ba—Re oxides (88). Chemical reduction of succinic anhydride to GBL or THF can be performed with 2-propanol in the presence of Zr02 catalyst (89,90). 

PBT is made by reacting 1,4-butanediol (BDO) with terephthalic acid (TPA) or dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) in the presence of a transesterification catalyst. A number of different commercial routes are used for producing the monomers, as discussed below. 

There are many other commercial alcohols besides methanol. This chapter treats the ones traded in the largest volumes ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol (IPA), normal butyl alcohol (NBA), 2-ethyl hexanol (2-EH) and li4-butanediol (BDO). 

The most recent entrant-to the. club of commodity chemicals is 1,4-butanediol (BDO), a petrochemical used in some of the more specialized applications such as chemical intermediates for the production of tetrahydro-furane and gama-butyrolactone, polybutylene terephthalate, and the more familiar polyurethanes. Traditionally, the Reppe process was the primary route to BDO, based bn acetylene and formaldehyde feeds. More recently, the share of BDO from butane and propylene oxide based production has grown rapidly. 

At the end of the 1990s, BASF commercialized Ecoflex F, a completely biodegradable statistical copolyester based on the fossil monomers 1,4-butanediol (BDO), adipic acid and terephthalic acid (see Fig. 3). Ecoflex F combines the good biodegradability known from aliphatic polyesters with the good mechanical properties of aromatic polyesters. 

Butanediol (BDO) goes primarily into tetrahydrofuran (THF) for production of polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG), used in the manufacture of polyurethane fibers. 

BUTANEDIOL (BDO) WATER (H20) DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSES RESULTS... 

Two series of polyether polyurethanes (PU) based on hydroquinone bis (P-hydroxyethyl) ether (HQEE) or 1,4-butanediol (BDO) as a chain extender were prepared by the one step bulk polymerisation process. By varying the mole ratio of poly tetra methylene oxide (PTMO) extender (with Mn = 1000 and Mn = 2000) and 4,4 -diphenylene methane diisocyanate (MDI) the two series of HQEE (PUlOOOHj, PU 1000H2, PU2000Hj,... 

In this chapter we investigate the morphology of a series of polyurethanes based on polycaprolactone polyol (PCP), diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), and butanediol (BDO). Samples of as-batch-reacted and solution-cast polymers were examined by optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron and x-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. Our interest is to provide a mapping of the size and shape of the domains (and any superstructure such as spherulites) and the degree of order as a function of the fraction of each phase present. 

The polyurethane samples were kindly supplied by F. E. Critchfield of Union Carbide Corporation. The samples were made by a one-step batch process with curing at 145°C for 16 hr. Details of the polyurethane polymerization are described elsewhere (9). The hard segment consists of 4,4 -diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and 1,4-butanediol (BDO) (MDI/BDO)i, and the soft segment consists of MDI and polycaprolac-tone diol (PCP) with Mn — 2000 (PCP/MDI),. 

Application To produce 1,4-butanediol (BDO), or mixture of BDO with tetrahydrofuran (THF) and/or gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) from normal butane using a fluid-bed oxidation and fixed-bed hydrogenation reactor combination. 

Application To produce 1,4 butanediol (BDO) from butane via maleic anhydride and hydrogen using ester hydrogenation. 

The condensed product flows to the lights column (8) where it is distilled to produce a small co-product tetrahydrofuran (THF) stream. The heavies column (9) removes methanol, which is recycled to the methanol column (2). The product column (10) produces high-quality butanediol (BDO). Unreacted ester and gamma butyralactone (GBL) are recycled to the vaporizer (3) to maximize process efficiency. 

A convenient biocatalytic process has been developed using a novel whole-cell biocatalyst for the preparation of (R)-l,3-butanediol (BDO) by stereo-specific oxidoreduction on an industrial scale. (R)-l,3-BDO is an important chiral synthon for the synthesis of various optically active compounds, such as azetidinone derivatives, which are used to prepare penem and carbapenem antibiotics for industrial usage. 

As shown in Figure 12, the hydrogenation of l,4-dihydroxy-2-butyne (ByD) occurs stepwise via formation of the l,4-dihydroxy-2-butene (BeD) to the desired product 1,4-butanediol (BDO). Table 6 displays the trickle phase reaction data for the catalysts studied here at 135°C and 60 bar. The use of higher pressures and lower temperatures (e.g., 266 bar and 75°C (31)) would provide higher selectivi-ties, however the conditions used here were chosen to make the reaction more demanding so that we could better differentiate between the various catalysts. 

Davy Process Technology, U K Butanediol, 1,4- Maleic anhydride and hydrogen Process produces 1,4 butanediol (BDO) from butane via maleic anhydride and hydrogen using ester hydrogenation 11 NA... 

Within the scope of this book, the first step of the organic-organic biphasic oligomerization is of interest. This process step is carried out in a polar solvent in which the nickel catalyst is dissolved but the nonpolar products - the a-alkenes -are almost insoluble. Preferred solvents are alkanediols, especially 1,4-butanediol (BDO). The nickel catalyst is prepared in situ from a nickel salt by reduction with NaBH4 in BDO in presence of an alkali hydroxide, ethylene, and a chelating P-0 ligand such as ortho-diphenylphosphinobenzoic acid. 

As compared to metallic compounds used as shape memory materials, shape memory polymers have low density, high shape recoverability, easy processability, and low cost. Since the discovery by Mitsubishi in 1988, polyurethane SMPs have attracted a great deal of attention due to their unique properties, such as a wide range of shape recovery temperatures (— 30°C to 70°C) and excellent biocompatibility, besides the usual advantages of plastics. A series of shape memory polyurethanes (SPMUs), prepared from polycaprolactone diols (PCL), 1,4-butanediol (BDO) (chain extender), and 4,4 -diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) or toluene diisocyanate (TDI) have recently been introduced [200—202]. 

Step 2 (chain extension of the prepolymer). The prepolymer was diluted to 25 % (w/v) with anhydrous dimethylformamide. The cliain extender 1,4-butanediol (BDO)... 

Effect of Monol Content on 4,4 -Methylene Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate (MDiyi,4-Butanediol (BDO) Cured Elastomers... 

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