Bureau Of Reclamation

The widespread availabiHty of electrical energy completely transformed modem society and enabled a host of breakthroughs in manufacturing, medical science, communications, constmction, education, and transportation. Centralized fossil fuel-powered, steam-turbine-based power plants remain the dominant means of electricity production. However, hydropower faciHties such as the 1900-MW Hoover Dam Power Project located on the Arizona—Nevada border, commissioned by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation during the 1930s, have also made significant contributions. 

F. B. Leit2 and E. I. Ewoldsen, Desalination 24, 321 (1978) E. B. Leit2, personal communication, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo., 1996. Ernst Young LLP, 1994 HationalWater andWastewater Rate Survey,Yd 2ASm. on,T3>. C., 1994. 

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Power Program. (1999). The Ilydropower Industry. < http //www.usbr.gov>. 

The discovery of cloud seeding, United States Bureau of Reclamation Environmental Education, http //www.rsgis.do.usbr.gov/html/history.htm... 

Miller CR (1953) Determination of the unit weight of sediment for use in sediment volume computations. US Bureau of Reclamation, Dept, of Interior, Denver, CO... 

Ahmed, M., Shayya, W.H., Hoey, D., Mahendran, A., Morris, R., Al-Handaly, J. Use of evaporation ponds for brine disposal in desalination plants. Desalination 130(2), 155-168 (2000) Mickley, M. Treatment of Concentrate, Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program Report No. 155. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver (2009)... 

Mickley, M. Treatment of Concentrate, Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program Report No. 155. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver (2009)... 

Anon. (1960). Conf. Laboratory Report No. C. 810. US Bureau of Reclamation. 

Aquatic seeds in irrigation ditches interfere with the flow of water and often result in serious loss to farmers. Chlorinated benzene with appropriate emulsion stabilizers has proved effective in the control of such weeds. The Bureau of Reclamation through its Denver laboratories tested methyl substituted benzenes and found them equally toxic to aquatic weeds. As a result, the aromatic solvents, both from coal and petroleum sources, are proving a boon to farmers. 

In 1905 the Bureau of Reclamation started the Klamath Basin project. Lake Klamath, largest of the lakes in the basin, is thirty-five miles long but averages only seven feet deep, which results in the water in the lake becoming warm in the summer. In the 1950s and 1940s, the Klamath Basin land was awarded to homesteaders, with the promise of ample water. Many of the homesteaders were veterans of World War I or World War II.25... 

On April 7,2001, the Bureau of Reclamation shut off water for irrigation in the Klamath Basin. The water was needed for salmon and suckerfish, and the Endangered Species Act took priority over Indian treaties and irrigation guarantees. Some 1,500 family-owned farms could not grow crops without the irrigation water. Farmers and agriculture-dependent businesses in the Klamath Basin lost about 200 million. 

Now that everyone realizes there isn t enough water to meet Indian treaty and irrigation guarantees, corrective action is being taken. In April 2002, the USFWS and the Bureau of Reclamation released a draft Ten-Year Plan, and with the attention focused on mistakes of the past, science may be better used than it was in the decision to shut off the irrigation water. 

A process that was no more than a laboratory phenomenon when the Office of Saline Water was authorized in 1952 has been rapidly developed to the point where it is now one of the most economical processes for the conversion of brackish water to fresh. This process, electrodialysis, was selected for the third demonstration plant. It will be located at Webster, S. D. The Bureau of Reclamation Laboratories in Denver, Colo., prepared the specifications for this plant which will be designed to produce 250,000 gallons of fresh water per day. Operating on water containing between 1500 and 1800 parts of salt per million parts of water, this plant will remove more than 1 ton of salt daily to produce product water with less than 500 parts of salt per million parts of water which is required to meet U. S. Public Health Standards for good drinking water. Construction specifications for this plant were available August 1, and sealed bids will be opened on October 4, 1960. 

Other pilot plant activity includes testing of solar stills at an experimental station near Daytona Beach, Fla. At the Bureau of Reclamation Laboratories in Denver, the Office of Saline Water has two electrodialysis units, one built by Ionics, Inc., Cambridge, Mass., and the other by the Central Technical Institute, T.N.O., of the Netherlands. A Japanese electrodialysis unit is on order and will be tested at the Denver Laboratories. Various types of membranes are also being tested at Denver. Distillation experiments are continuing in research facilities located at Wrightsville Beach, N. C. 

Bailey JA, Jones AM, Roy DR. 1973. Effects of silver from cloud seeding on microflora of animal digestive systems. Report to US Bureau of Reclamation, Division of Atmospheric Water Resources... 

Bureau of Reclamation U.S. Army Corps of Engineers International Boundary Water Commission U.S. Department of Energy... 

Bureau of Reclamation WESTERN AREA POWER ADMINISTRATION... 

Report No. 29, Bureau of Reclamation, United States Department of Interior. 

Bureau of Reclamation (2003) Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Program. US Department of the Interior (http // www.uc/usbr/gov/progact/salinity/). 

In the development of our most important single natural resource, water, the Bureau of Reclamation, at its Division of Engineering Laboratories, carries on research activities in nine areas concrete and concrete making materials hydraulics earth materials petrography protective coatings analytical chemistry bituminous materials saline water demineralization and special investigations, such as aquatic weed controls, cathodic protection, corrosion, and evaporation reduction. 

The bureau publishes two brochures which list the publications that are free or for sale. The bureau also issues laboratory reports primarily for its own use. Some of these, however, are available to the public as long as the supply lasts. They may be obtained by writing to U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Attention Gode 841, Building 53, Denver Federal Genter, Denver 25, Golo. 

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