Bulk Thin Film

The self-assembly of block polymers, in the bulk, thin film and solution states, produces uniformly sized nanostructured patterns that are very useful for nanofabrication. Optimal utilization of these nanoscopic patterns requires complete spatial and orientational control of the microdomains. However, the microdomains in the bulk state normally have grain sizes in the submicron range and have random orientations. In block copolymer thin films, the natural domain orientations are generally not desirable for nanofabrication. In particular, for composition-asymmetric cylindrical thin films, experimental... 

The use of block copolymers to form a variety of different nanosized periodic patterns continues to be an active area of research. Whether in bulk, thin film, or solution micelle states, block copolymers present seemingly unlimited opportunities for fabricating and patterning nanostructures. The wealth of microstructures and the tunability of structural dimensions make them a favorable choice for scientists in a variety of research fields. As reviewed here, they can function as nano devices themselves, or act as templates or scaffolds for the fabrication of functional nanopatterns composed of almost all types of materials. However, there are still two obvious areas which require more work control of the long-range 3D nanostructure via more user-friendly processes and the identification of new materials with different functional properties. 

C. Jagadish, S.J. Pearton (eds.), Zinc Oxide Bulk, Thin Films and Nanostructures (Elsevier, Oxford, 2006)... 

Figure 1 shows the equilibrium plateau pressures of MgH2 measured by various techniques. Despite the principally different measurement methods and sample preparation (bulk, thin films, additives, surface conditions), the reconstraction of a well-defined van t Hoff plot over 7 orders of magnitude is possible. Differences are visible though. 

The EL properties of PVK multilayered EL devices doped with ZnS Mn and based on nanocrystalline particles were also investigated and compared with bulk thin film materials [271], The PVK double layer was fabricated by successive spincoating of PVK and PVK NCs, and the film thickness of each layer was about 100 nm. It was found that multilayer EL devices that exhibited luminance up to thousands of cdm [272] in the case of the application of nanocrystalline parhcles only reached a luminance of the order of 0.1cdm , probably due to an aggregation of nanoparticles. In turn, the properties of ZnSiPVK nanocomposites confined in the MCM-41 silicate were studied [273], To prepare PVK ZnS nanocomposites confined in the silicate, MCM-41 was modified with ethylenediamine followed by introduction of ZnS into their mesopores. Finally, N-vinylcarbazole was mixed with the obtained ZnS/MCM-41 and polymerized at 85°C for 6.5 h. In the PL spectra, an emission peak at 468 nm was observed. Further analysis indicated that the emission could be attributed to the exciplex of excited-state PVK molecules and ground-state ZnS clusters [272],... 

Lu,Y, Emanetoglu, N.W. and Chen, Y. (2006) ZnO piezoelectric devices, in Zinc Oxide Bulk, Thin Films and Nanostructures Processing, Properties and Applications (eds C. (agadish and S.. Pearton) Elsevier, Amsterdam. 

Besides the bulk thin film structures discussed in the preceding section, liquid crystals could also be fabricated into optical waveguides " " or nanostructured photonic... 

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