Bulk solid handling plants

It will be evident that the accuracy of factorization techniques depends on the similarity of the type of plant, and also the consistent grouping of cost elements into the factorized components. A plant which is intensive in bulk solids handling is not comparable to an oil refinery. If the cost database is inconsistent as to whether, say, thermal insulation costs are included under piping on one project and under mechanical equipment on another, accuracy will be reduced. When there is a reasonably consistent database of reasonably similar plant, factorization of the mechanical equipment total may yield an estimate for which an accuracy of 25 per cent can be claimed. This could be narrowed to say 20 per cent if the more advanced factorization techniques are used, but hardly better unless there is extreme confidence in a recent database of very similar plant. 

In processes where materials are transported mainly in the fluid phase, such as most oil refinery units, the piping design considerations tend to dictate the layout, whereas for plants processing solids, such as metallurgical reduction plants, the bulk solids handling design is the major consideration. 

Fig. 10.4 Autogenous milling plant layout-showing influence of bulk solids handling needs...

One of the most important bulk solids handling techniques in a solids handling plant is the movement of material suspended in a stream of air over horizontal, inclined or vertical surfaces, ranging from a few to several... 

Ravenet, Dust Explosion in Silos and Plants— Causes and Prevention, Bulk Solids Handling, 10(2) 206 (1990). 

J. W. Carson, R. T. Jenkyn, and J. C. Sowizal, Rehable and Economical Handling of Bulk Solids at Coal-Fired Power Plants, Bulk Solids Handling 12 No. 1, Feb. 1992, pp 11-18. 

Weber M - Correlation analysis in Ae design of pneumatic transport plant , Bulk Solids Handling No.2, pp 231-233, 1982... 

Wilkinson, H. N., Reed, A. R. and Wright, H., "Th e Cost to UK Industry of Dust, Mess and Spillage in Bulk Materials Handling Plants", Bulk Solids Handling J. Trans Tech Publications, P. O. Box 266, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Federal Republic of Germany, Feb., 1989. 

Permeability Bulk sohd permeability is important in the iron and steel industiy where gas-solid reactions occur in the sinter plant and blast furnace. It also strongly influences compac tion processes where entrapped gas can impede compaction, and solids-handling equipment where restricted gas flow can impede product flowabihty. The permeabihty of a granular bed is inferred from measured pressure drop under controlled gas-flow conditions. 

The means of spillage removal (mainly for plants handling bulk solids). 

Fixed-hearth incinerators, used extensively for medical waste incineration, arc less conunonly used for other materials. There are several units employed at commercial sites as well as plant sites. Fixed hearths can handle bulk solids and liquids however, this unit does not have the versatility of a kiln. ... 

Operational difficulties arise, as with most solids handling problems, from a mismatch between bulk material properties and the plant item. Segregation and wear issues are common concerns however, these problems can be mitigated by the correct choice of design and operational parameters. 

Class I Locations. Table 515-2 shall be applied where Class I liquids are stored, handled, or dispensed and shall be used to delineate and classify bulk storage plants. The Class I location shall not extend beyond a floor, wall, roof, or other solid partition that has no communicating openings. 

It cannot be emphasized too strongly that dirt and correct lubrication are incompatible. The lubricant manufacturer has a comprehensive system of classification, filtration and inspection of packages, which ensures that all oils and greases leaving his plant are free from liquid and solid contaminants. It is in his own interests that the user should take the same care to ensure that the lubricant enters his machinery in as clean a condition as that in the bulk tank or barrel. The entry of abrasive dust, water and other undesirable matter into bearings and oilways may result if lubricants are handled carelessly. 

How to solve this problem is difficult to state and many approaches can be taken. Alternative forms of transportation such as pipelines for liquids and sometimes solids, water movement, truck-rail (piggy-back), and truck-water (fishy-back) combinations, are all possibilities. Plant relocations to minimize shipping distances to major customers, or to allow direct across -the-fence movements, should be considered. The use of the newer, or the yet-to-be-developed containers, such things as bulk rubber bags for liquids, bulk handling of dry solids via air slides, etc., lined fiber drums for liquids, should all be carefully studied. The creation of bulk distribution points may in some instances be of value. 

Solid soda ash is widely available and is most economically supplied in bulk. Large users often also store the solid in bulk. Operators of small chlor-alkali plants may receive and handle packaged solid. 

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