Advance factor

In die above equation, substituting the v with threshold level of PPV, dynamic tensile strength of rock is estimated. Confinement, the ratio of drilling depth and tunnel area, has been measined for every blast, because it has a significant impact on the overbreak (Dey, 2004). Similarly, Advance factor, the advancement achieved per unit drilling in a blast round i.e., the ratio of advance and drilling depth, has also been eomputed. 

Another overbreak predictive model has also been developed considering the influence of overbreak causative factors namely, perimeter specific charge, measured ground vibration, dominant frequency ofthe measured vibration, advance factor, P-wave velocity of rock and percentage free face provided in the cut area. The developed model after linear multivariate analysis is given below ... 

P-wave velocity in (km/s) i = free face provided in the cut area (%) = Free face area/First cut area AF = advance factor (m/m)... 

SI Drill depth Perimeter charge Overbreak (%) Advance (m) Face area (m ) Advance factor Confinement... 

It has been observed that the overbreak threshold levels decrease (from 3300 to 2500 mm/s) with the increase in advance factor (from 0.4 to 0.9). An increase in the confinement (from 0.1 to 0.25) resulted in increase in the overbreak. With the increase in the perimeter charge factor (from 1 to 3.5 kg/m )) the percentage overbreak increased from 6 to 30. 

It will be evident that the accuracy of factorization techniques depends on the similarity of the type of plant, and also the consistent grouping of cost elements into the factorized components. A plant which is intensive in bulk solids handling is not comparable to an oil refinery. If the cost database is inconsistent as to whether, say, thermal insulation costs are included under piping on one project and under mechanical equipment on another, accuracy will be reduced. When there is a reasonably consistent database of reasonably similar plant, factorization of the mechanical equipment total may yield an estimate for which an accuracy of 25 per cent can be claimed. This could be narrowed to say 20 per cent if the more advanced factorization techniques are used, but hardly better unless there is extreme confidence in a recent database of very similar plant. 

Lanz VA, Alfarra MR, Baltensperger U, Buchmann B, Hueglin C, Szidat S, Wehrli MN, Wacker L, Weimer S, Caseiro A, Puxbaum H, Prevot ASH (2008) Source attribution of submicron organic aerosols during wintertime inversions by advanced factor analysis of aerosol mass spectra. Environ Sci Technol 42(l) 214-220... 

Sinay, J., and Nagyova, A. Causal relation of negative event occurrence Injury and/or failure , in Advances Factors, Ergonomics, and Safety in Manufacturing and Service Industries, AHFE Conference 2010, Boca Raton, FL CRC Press, 2010, pp. 818-827, ISBN 978-1-4398-3499-2. 

For interpretation of measuring results, calibration characteristics obtained on the samples in advance is used in the above instruments. However, if number of impediment factors increases, the interpretation of the signals detected becomes more complicated in many times. This fact causes the position that the object thickness T and crack length I are not taken into consideration in the above-mentioned instruments. It is considered that measuring error in this case is not significant. 

Many computational chemistry techniques are extremely computer-intensive. Depending on the type of calculation desired, it could take anywhere from seconds to weeks to do a single calculation. There are many calculations, such as ah initio analysis of biomolecules, that cannot be done on the largest computers in existence. Likewise, calculations can take very large amounts of computer memory and hard disk space. In order to complete work in a reasonable amount of time, it is necessary to understand what factors contribute to the computer resource requirements. Ideally, the user should be able to predict in advance how much computing power will be needed. 

In general there are two factors capable of bringing about the reduction in chemical potential of the adsorbate, which is responsible for capillary condensation the proximity of the solid surface on the one hand (adsorption effect) and the curvature of the liquid meniscus on the other (Kelvin effect). From considerations advanced in Chapter 1 the adsorption effect should be limited to a distance of a few molecular diameters from the surface of the solid. Only at distances in excess of this would the film acquire the completely liquid-like properties which would enable its angle of contact with the bulk liquid to become zero thinner films would differ in structure from the bulk liquid and should therefore display a finite angle of contact with it. 

Economic Market. The spice trade is controlled by many direct elements and responds slowly to supply and demand fluctuations. Resupply depends on growth to plant maturity, which for certain items, such as black pepper or nutmeg, can be several years. The raw material is directly affected by climate, adverse weather conditions, and control of plant diseases and insect and animal pests. Limited agricultural scientific advances are appHed to the cultivation of the botanicals, and there are many grades of product and degrees of quahty caused by different growing or processing conditions, sometimes by unknown factors as well. 

Lack of accepted stress intensity factors for internally pressurized components has, until recently, limited this appHcation. The factors are a function of the size and shape of both cracks and high pressure components as well as modes of loading (91). Stress intensity factors can be derived analytically for some simple geometries, but most require the appHcation of advanced numerical methods (105—107). Alternatively they may be deterrnined experimentally (108). 

Some factors to consider when evaluating patent and trade secret protection include (/) the form and content of the technological advance, idea, development, or appHcation (2) the desired term of protection (J) the potential for the technological advance, idea, development, or appHcation to be the subject of a commercial product (4) work done previously (5) events which have pubHcized or pubHcly disclosed the technological advance, idea, development, or appHcation and (6) factors that may be critical to keeping the technological advance, idea, development, or appHcation confidential, and what events may necessitate disclosure. 

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