Building structural

Building Downwash A review must be conducted for each stack to determine if building downwash effec ts need to be considered. Atmospheric flow is disrupted by aerodynamic forces in the immediate vicinity of structures or terrain obstacles. The disrupted flow near either building structures or terrain obstacles can both enhance the vertical dispersion of emissions from the source and reduce the effective height of the emissions from the source, resulting in an increase in the maximum GLC. 

Radon from the soil can enter buildings through cracks in the foundation when the pressure inside is lower than in the soil. The rate of infiltration depends on the soil type, the building structure, and the pressure differential between the soil and the building,... 

In reality, heat is conducted in all three spatial dimensions. While specific building simulation codes can model the transient and steady-state two-dimensional temperature distribution in building structures using finite-difference or finite-elements methods, conduction is normally modeled one-... 

Hensen J. L. M. On the thermal interaction of building structure and heating and ventilating system. Thesis, Technical University of Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 1991. 

Adventitious opening Any unintended openings in a building structure, such as cracks through which infiltration or ex-... 

Antivibration mounting A designed support placed between a rotating or reciprocating machine and the building structure to reduce the transmission of vibration. 

Bracket A support for any item of equipment either on the main building structure or on another item of equipment. 

Crackage Cracks in the building structure through which infiltration or exfiluation... 

DC pressurization A test of the airtightness of a building in which a fan is used to pressurize the building to a uniform static pressure. The pressure differential between indoors and outdoors is measured to determine the air-tightness of the building structure. 

Infiltration The leakage of air through the imperfections in a building structure, due to thermal or wind forces. 

Infiltration rate The rate at which outdoor air enters into a room through the imperfections in the building structure, expressed in air changes per hour or L s. ... 

Fire City of Chicago, Illinois October 9, 1871 250 Building codes proliibiting building structures water reserv e... 

Bau-werk, building, structure, edifice, -wesen, n. construction, building (affairs). bauwUrdig, (Mining) workable, profitable. Bauxitziegel, m. bauxite brick. 

Gebaude, n. building, structure mine system, gebd., abbrev. (gebunden) bound. 

The insulation effectiveness of elements of building structures is represented by the //-value or thermal transmittance. As defined in Section 11.3.1, the //-value is the reciprocal of the sum of the thermal resistances and can be expressed as ... 

In the UK the Building Regulations contain the mandatory requirement for thermal insulation of building structures,... 

Finally, if the boiler house is to be within an industrial complex and there is no adjacent residential development, the building need only be suitable for adequate weatherproofing of the plant and for maintenance. Alternatively, if it is sited adjacent or near to housing or offices then the building structure should take account of this. 

No moving parts, hence little maintenance required may be mounted at considerable height or, in low-temperature applications, set flush into building structure. 

The compressor plant should be located in a place with good ground conditions. In some cases, the compressor foundation may have to be isolated from that of the main building so that vibration is not transmitted from compressor to the building structure, and from heavy plant to the compressor. Where the vibrations are slight, resilient pads may be used to advantage. Receiver-mounted units should always be either freestanding or mounted on resilient pads. If in doubt, the suppliers should be consulted. 

Intake pipes may be subject to pulsations and should be too rigidly attached to walls or ceilings, since vibration may be transmitted to the building structure. 

Depending upon size and type of unit, the mounting may vary from simply bolting to the floor to attaching to a massive foundation designed specifically for the application. A proper foundation must (1) maintain the alignment and level of the compressor and its driver at the proper elevation, and (2) minimize vibration and prevent its transmission to adjacent building structures and machinery. There are five steps to accomplish the first objective ... 

Avoidance of damage to plant/machinery/building structures... 

In extreme cases building structures can be damaged by vibration. Damage can be caused either directly to the structure or by settlement of foundations due to vibration. It is possible to calculate the effects of the former (graphs are obtainable from various sources) but not the settlement effect. However, this will occur only on certain strata and in extreme cases. 

Refrigeration is required for the cold storage rooms and to provide chilled water for the plate heat exchangers. The cellars are very wet areas, and the cooling plant should be designed to maintain as low a humidity as possible, to help preserve the building structure. 

Heat conduction from warmer areas through building structure, insulated or otherwise. This includes excess heat from any source, such as an abutting boilerhouse wall or solar radiation on an outer surface. 

There are two other related sources of environmental disturbances, seismic and acoustic vibration. Optical testing facilities should be located far from highways and railroad lines. The test hardware should be isolated from the building structure to avoid seismic disturbances. Acoustic disturbances are often overlooked and can be a bigger problem than seismic. Loud noises of any sort are a problem. The sub normal hearing frequency noise made by many air conditioning and handling units is often an unforeseen problem. 

As mentioned above, building structures can be very complicated, and, because there is great flexibility in the system, there are a great many ways to use the commands, but the rewards are the retrieval of information that cannot be obtained in any other way. We have given here only a hint of the possibilities in using this system. 

A whole range of precautions may be based on the principles summarized earlier. However, general precautions, applicable to the majority of work situations, are listed in Table 5.13, many of which are included in legal requirements. For example, in the UK The Fire Precautions Act 1971 specifies requirements for fire resistance of surfaces and building structure, assessment of risk, means of escape, means for giving warning, firefighting equipment, and fire instruction and drills. 

---