Materials, building structures

Fire tests on building materials and structures. Part 12 Method of test for igmtability of products by direct flame impingement. Replaced BS 476 Part 5 1979 AMD 1 Fire tests on building matenals and structures. Part 20 Method for determination of the fire resistance of elements of constiaiction (general principles) (AMD 6487) dated 30 April 1990. Replaced BS 476 Part 8 1972... 

Concretes are cements containing a large proportion of gravel. Hydraulic cements are cements that set (harden) in wet environments, as required when building structures submerged in water. Like all other cements used in ancient times, hydraulic cements were also composite materials in which one particular component, such as pozzolana in ancient Rome (see text below), endowed the cement with the property of setting in wet environments (Gani 1997 Akroyd 1962). 

Finding 17. The introduction of new structural risks during closure operations is a potential source of accidents. Dismantlement and removal of building structural components, such as the concrete floors of the explosion containment rooms, could pose added risks of structural instability during closure operations, as could temporary loadings from stacked materials or heavy equipment. 

In MOMs dimensionality is a major issue. As discussed back in Chapter 1, although all materials are structurally 3D, some of them exhibit physical properties with lower dimensionality, ID or 2D, mainly due to the pseudo-planar conformation of the molecules. In fact for bulk materials one cannot strictly use the terms ID or 2D because intermolecular interactions build anisotropic but indeed 3D networks. Hence, one is led to using the prehxes pseudo or quasi when referring to ID or 2D systems. However, ideal ID and 2D systems can be artihcially prepared exhibiting real ID and 2D properties, respectively, and we will hnd some examples of this in the next sections. 

Materials and Structures. Building materials have become soiled and blackened by smoke, and damage by chemical attack from acid gases in the air has led to the deterioration of many marble statues in western Europe. Metals are also affected by air pollution for example, S02 causes many metals to corrode at a faster rate. Ozone is known to oxidize rubber products, and one of the effects of Los Angeles smog is cracking of rubber tires. Fabrics, leather, and paper are also affected by S02 and sulfuric acid, causing them to crack, become brittle, and tear more easily. 

BS 476 Part 7 1987 Fire tests on building materials and structures Method for classification of the surface spread of flame of products. 

Peat has been used as a building material, both structurally in walls, and as insulation. It is a common household fuel in many parts of the world, sometimes in combination with animal dung. It can be cut from the ground, often in areas where peat is still actively forming. This is common practice in places where there are few trees or other sources of fuel. 

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