Buffer properties protocols

Standardized staining protocols require standardized reagents to ensure reproducible results. Manufacturers of automated immunostaining instruments may supply proprietary buffers and wash solutions for their instrument, but the properties of these should be within the range of parameters that are used in manual staining. (The primary additives to manufacturer-supplied reagents are surfactants.)... 

The two methods described herein are inherently different in that one is a traditional initial velocity assay that attempts to quantitatively measure rates of product formation (see Basic Protocol 1), whereas the other correlates the activity of an enzyme preparation with its ability to change the rheological properties (i.e., viscosity) of a substrate solution (see Basic Protocol 2). For both assays, it is presumed that the analyst is using soluble substrate and enzyme preparations, appropriate buffer systems, and a method to control the reaction mixture temperature. The ultimate goal of both assays is the same to obtain a quantitative estimate of the PGase activity of a test solution. 

Information exchange processes in a communication infrastructure can be modeled as transactions that have to fulfill the ACID properties. If a transaction does not properly proceed and finish, the ACID properties provide a direct categorization of the related anomaly. Based on this categorization, appropriate and effective countermeasures can be applied. A direct violation of the atomicity property, for example, corresponds to a denial-of-service attack, as the transaction is not completed and therefore the requested service is not provided. A buffer overflow represents a violation of consistency, and a race condition a violation of isolation. Other attacks can be classified accordingly. The corresponding anomalies can be detected by comparing protocol and process runs with the given specifications, which are represented by extended finite state machines. 

The schematics of the preparation protocol for plasma-polymer-tethered bilayers are given in Fig. 13 mixed vesicles containing a negative and a zwitterionic lipid were fused in a Ca2+ containing buffer solution onto decylamine derivatized MAH-PP films. The MAH-PP layer appears to form a sub-membrane architecture, which exhibits some of the properties required for biomimetic membrane supports by acting as a polyelectrolyte cushion for the fluid bilayer membrane. 

A variety of protocols utilising combinations of liquid-liquid and solid-phase extractions (LLE and SPE) have been used to clean-up tissue extracts. Alkaline extracts are commonly made acidic, extracted into ethyl acetate and then back-extracted into aqueous buffer at alkaline pH. Acidic extracts have been extracted directly into ethyl acetate and then back-extracted into buffer. QCA and mQCA may act as acids or bases, and both of these properties have been utilized in the SPE clean-up of the buffered extracts from the initial liquid-liquid partitions. Extracts were acidified prior to clean-up on non-endcapped sex (strong cation exchange) SPE columns. The analytes of interest were eluted from the columns using a mixture of sodium hydroxide and methanol. Further clean-up and transfer to an appropriate solution for instmmental analysis was achieved by re-acidification... 

Some studies in the pharmaceutical area used a common protocol, adapting it to the specific properties of the drug (solubility and wavelength). A certain quantity of the microparticles is suspended in a given volume of solution (distilled water, buffer pH 1.2, buffer pH 7.4, phosphate buffer pH 7.2, simulated vaginal fluid). The sample is then heated (in some case, 2°C above the melting... 

The protocol as described elsewhere (55) was used to increase the adsorption properties of the surface of glass capillaries. Cleaned glass capillaries were filled with the sol solution and incubated for 1 h on a shaker to facilitate uniform coating. The excess sol was removed and the coated capillaries were left overnight at RT to obtain the diy gel. Later, the capillaries were washed with buffer followed by copious amounts of water, and then dried at RT. 

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